Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/904

* CIVIL-WAR VETERANS. 7S»6 of the Eleventli Army Corps and the Sixth Army Corps, which hold annual int-etings, and whose work has consisted largely in the erection of monuments on various balik'-lields and in other places to the memory of their leaders. The Na- tional Association of Xaval Veterans (q.v.) ad- mits to membership any appointed or enlisted man who served in the "navy during the period of the Civil "ar. The memory of the Civil War is preserved in the Southern States through the instrumentality of three flourishing organiza- tions, known as the United Confederate Veterans (see Co.xFEnERATE Veterans, United), which admits to meniliership actual participants in the Civil War; the United Sons of Confederate Veterans (see Coneederate Veterans, United Sons of), which was organized bv the male de- scendants of the Confederates: aiid the United Daughters of the Confederacy (see Confed- ERACi-, United Daighteus of the), which ad-' niits to membership the widows, wives, mothers, sisters, and lineal female descendants of those who served in the Confederate armies. There are Various other .societies which, while they do not restrict their meml)ership to participants in the Civil War, admit to membership participat- ors in that conllict or their descendants. Of this character are the Military Order of Foreign Wars (see Foreign Wars. JIilitary Order of), the Xaval Order of the United States (q.v.), and the Medal of Honor Legion (q.v.). CI'VIS (Lat.. citizen). A )iom de plume era- l)loyed by Sir Henry Russell, in letters on Indian ali'airs in the London Times, between 1842 and JS49. CIVITA CASTELLANA, che've-ta' kiis'tel- la'na (It., castle city). A city in central Italy, about 27 miles north by west of Rome, in the province of that name "(Map: Italy. G 5). It is picturesquely situated on an elevation above the Rio Maggiorc. which unites with the Treja not far below the town, and flows into the Tiber five miles farther down. The town is near the site of the ancieut Etruscan city of Falerii. The surrounding ravines contain " many Etruscan tombs and the remains of an Etruscan temiile. There are also interesting ruins of a Roman theatre, and the twelfth-centurv Abbev of Santa Maria. The Xeapolitans. led" by Mack, were here defeated by the French under MacDonald, December 4, 179S. Population (commune), in 1881, 4406; in 1901, 5265. CIVITALI, che'vf-ta'le, Matteo (1435-1501). An Italian sculptor, born at Lucca. He appar- ently trained himself by study of the early Flor- entines, in particular of Desiilerio da Settignano (q.v.). His manner is not unlike that of the paintings of the time, and the reverential touch which marks his principal work has caused him to be regarded as among the foremost Renais- sance .sculptors. The chief examples of his art are to be found in the Cathedral of San Martino at Lucca. They include a richlv decorat'd pul- pit (1498): the altar of Saint Regulus. with tigures of Saint' .John the Baptist and Saint Se- bastian, and fine reliefs (1484); two angels, represented as in adoration, in the Chapel of the Sacrament: and, notably, the monument to Pie- tro da Xoceto, the secretary of Pope Nicholas V. (1472). There is also a monument to Saint Ro- manus by him in the Church of San Romano at CLACKMANNANSHIRE. Lucca. Si. statues by him in the Chapel of Saint • lohn at (ienoa are less characteristic. Consult the study by Vriarte (Paris, 1880). CIVITAVECCHIA, che've-tii-vfk'k*-a ( It., old city). A fortified seaport in the Province of Rome, central Italy, situated on the Tyrrhe- nian Sea, 37 miles northwest of Rome ("Map: Italy, F 5). It is the chief port of Rome, and its harbor is jirotccted by two curving moles and a breakwater with" a lighthouse! There are extensive dry-docks, a magazine, an arsenal built by Bernini, and a citadel'construct- ed from plans by -Miclielangelo. The fortifica- tions d.ate from the sixteenth and seventeeutli centuries. The city has an aqueduct IS miles long. Civitiivecchia is of considerable commer- cial importance, and has regular steam eommii- nicaticm with England and France. It is the seat of a bishop and of a number of foreign con- suls, including one from the United States. In the vicinity of the town are situated sul])hur- springs, with remains of ancient baths. Civita- vecchia is the ancient Centum Celhr. sometimes called Portus Trajani in honor of Trajan. It was destroyed by the Saracens in 82S, but its ex- iled inhabitants returned in 854. when it received the name of Civitavecchia (old city). It was fortified by Urban VIII., and decl'ared a free port by Innocent XII. in KliKi. The Fi-ench held it from 1849 to 1870. Population, in 1881 (com- mune), 11,980; in 1901, 17,589. CIVOLI, che'vo-le, Ludovico. See Cigoli. LuDovico Cardida. CLAAR, klar, Emil (1842—). A German stage-manager and author. He was born at Lemberg. and made his first appearance as an i.ctor at the Burgtheater. Vienna. After holding engagements at Gratz, Briinn. Innsbruck, and at the Court Theatre. Berlin, he successively lie- came stage-manager of the Stadttheater, 'Leip- zig (1804-70). and of the Court Theatre, Wei- mar (1870-71), and was subsequently appointed director of the Landestheater, Pragtie, and the Residenztheater, Berlin (1870-79). From 1879 to 1900 he was associated as director with the two jirincipal theatres of Frankfort-on-the-Main, but afterwards he confined himself solely to the management of the Schauspirlluun, in that city. Anumg lyrical poems and dramas written liy him are the following: (Irdichte (1808 and 1885) : Neue Oedichte (1894) ; Wcltliche Legeii- den (1898); tiumsoii tiiid Deliln, a comedv (1872) ; Shelley, a tragedy (1876) ; Die Schices- lern, a drama (1892). CLACKMAN'NAN (Gael. Clnchan il„n»nn). The connty-towii df ( lackmannanshire, Scotland, on the Devon, nine miles east of Stirlino- (Map- Scotland. E 3). The neighborhood is rich in coal, iron, and limestone. On a hill above the town is the ruined tower of a castle once be- longing to the Bruces. Population, in 1901 2494. ' CLACKMANNANSHIRE. 'J'be smallest county of Scntlaiid. in the Fast Midland Divi- sion, at fli(head of the Firth of Forth, and bounded by the counties of Perth. Fife! and Stirling (Map: Scotland. E 3). Area, 48 square miles. It is an agricultural and coal- mining county; oats, barley, wheat, and potatoes are (he chief crops. The leading towns are Clackmannan, the county-town, Alloa, and Dol-