Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/89

* CAMARINA. 67 CAMBODIA. only the ruined walls and temples that no-^ attest its ancient splendor. CAM'ASS RAT (Am. Indian). The pocket- rat of the northwestern United States, which feeds mainly on the camass (Camasia escit- kiita). See GoPHEB. CAMAYEU, Fr. pvon. ka'ma'ye', or Moxo- CHKOME ( I'r. camaicii, cameo, and Gr. iiivoi, moiios. one + j^pci/xa, chroma, color). Terms by which painting in one color is designated. The ancients painted thus both in gray {en tjri- saillc) and in red. Pictures of several tints, but where the natural colors of the object are not c-opied, are said to be en camai/eu. As one color generally prevails, we speak of blue, red, yellow, green camayeu. Polidoro Caravaggio, for ex- ample, so overlaid his other colors with brown that his works give the imjjression of mono- chrome paintings. Drawings in India ink, red and black chalk, iiencil, etc., as well as engrav- ings, may be said to be en camayeu. CAMBACERES, kilN'ba'sa'res', Jean Jac- tit-ES Rt:(n.s. Duke of Parma ( 1753-1824). A French statesman. He was born in ilontpellier, and became a member of the Convention, where his judicial training at once brought him into prominence. His moderation in the midst of stirring events was soon manifested, particularly in his attitude toward the condemnation of the King. After the fall of Robespierre, he succeeded for a short time to the presidency of the Conven- tion, and he at once began working for peace at home and abroad. Forced from office, he devoted himself to his Projct de code ciril, from which the Code Xapoleon was derived. In October. 1796, he became president of the Coimcil of Five Hundred, and in .June, IT'.IO. ilinister of .Justice. After the eighteenth Brumaire (Xovember 9, 1799) he became Second Consul under Xapoleon, who. on ascending the throne, made him High Chancellor of the Empire and in 180S Duke of Parma. In 1813-14. while Napoleon was absent in the field. Cambacer&s directed civil affairs as president of the Council of Regency, finally vot- ing for Napoleon's abdication, but during the Hundred Days he reluctantly sen-ed Napoleon as ilinister of Justice and president of the House of Peers. After the Second Restoration Cambacerfes returned to Paris, but was exiled in 1810 as a 'regicide.' His legal and political rights were restored to him in 1818. He took no part in public life afterwards and died ilarch 8, 1824. CAMBAL'LO. The second son of Cambuscan, in Chaucer's tiijiiirc's Talc. In the prologue to the tale it is prophesied that the unfortunate falcon will "get her love again" b.v his 'medi- ation,' and that he will fight in the lists for Cauace's sake. Hut how he accomplishes this is left unexplained. He appears in Spenser's faerie (Jueeiic as Cambcl. CAMBALUC, kiini'bLi-lrrnk'. or CAMBALU, kam'lia-l^' (.Mongol Khanliuliyh, 'city of the Khan'). The former name of Peking (q.v.), China. CAMBAY' (Hindi Khambat. from Skt. hham- bavati, possessing pillars). The capital of the native State of Cambay, Gujerat, India, stand- ing at the head of a gulf of the same name, on the right bank of the Mahi, 76 miles to the north-northwest of Surat (.Map- India B 4). It contains about 30,000 inhabitants, but was at one time mucli more populous; ruined palaces, mosques, and tombs, and an excavated temple of considerable pretensions, attest its former mag- nificence and extent. The gradual obstruction of seaward navigation has contributed to its decline. The export of cotton is the staple trade and it has celebrated manufactures of onyx, agate, and carnelian ornaments. CAM'BEL. See Camballo. CAMBERT, kax'bar', Robert (c.Ifi28-77). A French composer. He was organist of the Church of Saint Honore, and nuisical superintendent to Anne of Austria, the mother of Louis XIV. At the suggestion of the .bbe Perrin, he composed La pastorale (1059), regarded as the first French musical comedy. Cambert may therefore be considered as the founder of French opera. I'nder the favor of Louis XIV. and ilazarin, the Pastorale was followed by Ariane et Bacchus (1661) ; Pomone (1671) ; and Les peines et les plaisirs de I'amour (1672). Together with Per- rin, who furnished the text for his operas, Cam- bert became director of the first French opera house, the Paris "Academie Royale de ilusique." but was soon superseded by his rival Lully. .After Lully became musical superintendent io the King, Cambert went (1073 or 1674) to Lon- don, where he became master of the music to Charles IT. CAM'BER'WELL. A parliamentary borough of Lonilon, situated nouth ol llie Thames. CAMBER-WTELL BEAUTY. The English name for the widespread btutertly Vane.isa an- tiopii. called the United States 'mourning-cloak' (q.v. ). CAMBIASO, kiim-bya's6, LrCA (1527-85). An Italian painter, born in Moneglia. He gained c-elebrity at an earlv age, and in 1583 was invited to Spain by Philip II. to as- sist in the decoration of the Escurial, in which he painted the ceiling of the choir, represent- ing the "Assemblage of the Blessed," which is considered his best work. Among others of his works are the "Rape of the Sabine Women," the "Sleeping Cupid," and "The Martyrdom of Saint George." CAMBIER, k;i.mV, Ernest (1844—). A Belgian explorer, born in Ath. In 1877 he ac- companied the first expedition sent out by the International African Association as astronomer and geographer, and upon the death of Crespel was appointed chief of the expedition. He pene- trated from Bagamoyo into the interior of Africa, proceeding to Unyamwezi, and thence to Karema on Lake Tanganyika, where, in Septem- ber, 1879, he established the first post and .scien- tific station of the International Association. He returned to Europe in 1882. Consult A. J. 'au- ters, Le capitaine Cambier et la premiere ej-pedi- fion de I'Associution Internationale Africaine (Brussels. 1881). CAMBITIA. The mistress and eventual wife of Cambel in the Faerie Queene. She has in- herited her mother's (Agape's) supernatural abilities. CAM'BIUM (Neo-Lat., from Med. Lat. cam- bire, to exchange). A zone of actively dividing cells between the wood and bark of ordinary sluuli- and trees. See .Vnatomy of Plants. CAMBO'DIA (Skt. Knmboja). Once a pow- erful kingdom of extreme southeastern Asia;