Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/87

* CAI.VO. 65 (5 vols., 1864-75) ; Le droit international theo- rique ct pratique (4th ed., 1887-88) : Manuel de droit international public et prive (3d ed., 1892). CAL'VTJS, Gaius Licinius Macer (b.c. 82- 47). A Roman poet and orator. In the latter capacity he is often praised by Cicero (Brut., Ixxxi., Ixxxii., ss. 280-285: Ep. ad Fam. vii. 24; XV. 22). According to the ancients (Quint. X., s. Ill; Catullus. 00; Propertius. ii. 19, 40; Ovid, Am., iii. 0. 61) ; his poems were full of wit and grace, and were classed with those of Catul- lus. The latter addi-essed three of his odes (14, 50, 96) to CahTis. CAL'YCANTHUS (from Gk. kd/if, kalyx, cup + orrfof, anthos. dower, referring to the cups enclosing the pistils). A genus of Calyeanthacete, an order of plants allied to Rosace:f. Only about six species are known. They are shrubs with op- posite entire leaves, and are iiatives of North America and Japan. An aromatic fragrance characterizes the order, and in the genus Caly- cantlius the bark and leaves possess it as well as the flowers. The bark of the Calycanthus has acquired the name of C.nrolina allspice, or Ameri- can allspice. The flowers are of a chocolate or dull purple color. It is quite a favorite garden shrub, being commonly known as 'sweet-scented shrub.' The four American species are found wild along the Alleghanies. in Pennsylvania, Vir- ginia, etc., except ('nhjeunthus oceidentalis, with brown flowers, which grons in California only. CAL'YDON lGk.Kav5iiw, Kalydon). An an- cient city of Ktolia, 7i-» miles from the Ionian Sea on the river Evenus. It was celebrated in Greek legend as the home of lleleager, Tydeus, and other heroes, but in historic times was of small importance. In B.C. 391 it was in posses- sion of the Achaeans, and was of strategic value in the war between Ca-sar and Pompey. In B.C. 31 Augustus removed the inhabitants to Xicopolis. a city then founded to commemorate the victory of Actium. The site is generally believed to be at the Kastro of Kurtaga, on the river Phidharis, where are remains of walls and gates, as well as terraces and fojindations. Consult Woodhouse, .^tolia (Oxford, 1897). CALYDON. A great forest, supposed to have once, existed in the north of England and men- tioned in Arthurian romance. It may have cor- responded with the thickly wooded "district of the "Midlands.' which reached up into York- shire, and which contained the "Sherwood' as- sociated with the Uotiin Hood legends. CAL'YDO'NIAN BOAR. According to a Greek myth, a certain (Eneus, King of Calydon, in -Etolia, omitted a sacrifice to Artemis, where- upon the goddess, in her rage, sent into his fields a frightful boar, which eonmiitted great devasta- tion. Xo one had the courage to hunt it except Meleagcr, the son of (Eneus, who, calling to his help the bravest heroes of Greece — Theseus, Jason, Xestor, and others — pursued and slew the monster. This hunt is a favorite subject in Greek art, and appears not only on the vases and reliefs, but was also represented in the pediment of the Temi)le of .thena A lea at Tegea by the great sculptor Scopas. of whose work some frag- ments have been found, and are now in Athens. See Mkij:agek. CAM. CALYMMENE, ka-lim'e-ne (Gk. K,Kav,x^4,^, lekulymmene, fem. perf. part, of KaXinrTtip, ka- lyptcin, to cover; refers to the thorax and sliield). A genus of fossil trilobites characteris- tic of the Silurian system. It has a rather long body, of oval form, with a semicircular hcad" shield and a thorax of 13 segment-s. The tail- shield IS lobed like the thorax, and is not clearly distinguisliable from the latter. About 60 spe"- cies of Calymmene have been described from the Silurian and Ordovician strata, and the largest liave been found in the lower Devonian rocks. Calymmene blumenbachia and Calymmene sena- ria arc jironiincnt species. CALYP'SO (Gk. KaXvi^ii, Kalypso) . In Grecian legend, a nymph, dwelling alone on a remote island, who rescued the shipwrecked Odys- seus, and kept him with her seven vears, proiiiis- ing him immortality, but unable "to make him cease his longing to return to Ithaca. She finally yielded to a command of Zeus and allowed hiiii to depart on a raft of his own building. Calypso is a somewhat late addition to the Odysseus stor>-, and is merely a name outside of the Ho- meric poem. Her sons by Odvsseus are entirely without connection with "the general story. ''■^I'YP'TBA (Gk. KoXvwTpa, kalyptra, from KoXv-n-Tuv, knliiptein, to conceal). A term coni- nioiily applied to the enlarged and ruptured arehegonium (female organ) of the true mosses, which is carried up as a loose hood, capping the spore-case. Its application is often extended.liow- ever, to include any development of the arclie- gonium which follows fertilization. See Musci. CA'LYX (Lat., Gk. k6.v^, kalyx, cup of a flower, from KaXinrTeiv, kalyptein, to cover). In flowers, the outer and sometimes the only set of floral leaves. The individual parts are called 'sepals,' and when these are not present the flower is said to be 'naked.' The sepals are usu- ally green and leaf like, and serve to protect the more delicate inner parts of the hud, but sometimes they are very much modified. ' See Floweb. 0AM (Kelt., crooked), or Granta. A river whicb rises in Essex, England, and is known as the Granta until it joins with the Rhee, 3 miles above Cambridge, to which city it gives its name. After a northeasterly course' of about 40 miles through Cambridgeshi"re, it joins the Ouse, 31/2 miles above Ely. It is a favorite boating river, famous in connection with the boat-races of the students of Cambridge University. CAM (dialectic form of Engl, comb; ef. Ger. Kannn, comb, Kammrad. cog-wheel). A revolv- ing disk eccentrically mounted on a shaft and employed in mechanism to impart by its rota- tion a reciprocating motion to a rod or sliaft. One of the common forms of cam is a heart- shaped wheel mounted on a shaft as shown at A. The operation of this form of cam may be indicated by the lever B, pivoted at the centre and carrying at one end a rod, ('. and at the other end a wheel, D, which has a rolling bearing against the face or edge of the cam. As the cam rotates, the wheel, /). will be raised and low- ered, and this movement will, through the medium of the lever, Ii. raise and lower the rod, C, so as, for example, to open and close a valve. Cams are made in a great variety of shapes. By cutting teeth on the edge of the cam, A, and