Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/859

* CINQUE PORTS. 755 CIRCASSIANS. the sovereign's head at a Loionution still exists. The ollicial residence, Waluier Castle, near Deal, dates from the lime of Henry "ili. There, as Warden, the Duke of Wellington lived each autumn from 1829, and he there died in 1852. Xoteworthv warden* if recent dnte are Earl Cranville, 'the Ki,i;lit Honnrahle W. H. Smith. the Marquis of DuflVrin. and the !Marquis of Salisbury. Consult Burrows, CiH(]itc Ports (2d ed., London. 1S88) . CINTIO, or CINTHIO, chOn't^-o. See GiB- ALDI, (JlOVAXXl B.^TTISTA. CINTRA, sen'tri. A small but picturesquely situated town in Portugal, in the Province of Estremadura, about 1.5 miles west-northwest of Lisbon (.Map: Portugal, A3). It stands on the declivity of the Sierra de Cintra, and contains a palace of Moorish and Christian architecture, anciently occupied by the Moorish kings, and subsequently a favorite residence of the Christian nionarchs. A charming view of the town and of the sea is to he had from the top of a hill crowned with the ruins of a Moorish castle. On another hill-top stands La Pena, once a convent, after- wards a residence of the King of Portugal, who restored and gave it the outward appearance of a feudal castle. In the neighborhood, also, is what is called the Cork Convent, named so on account of its cork-lined cells. Cintra is a favorite sum- mer resort with the residents of Lisbon, and con- tains a summer residence of the King, as well as many private residences. Cintra is celebrated for the convention concluded here. August 22, 1808. between the English and French, by which the latter asreed to evacuate Portugal. Popula- tion, in 1890, 4840: 1900, 5918. CIONE, che-o'na, Axdkea di. See Orcagxa. CICTAT, sy6'tA', La (Prov. Cioutat, from J.at. ciiiltis, state, city). A seaport town of France, in the Department of Bouchesdu-Rhone, situated on the vest shore of a bay in the Medi- terranean, about 15 miles southeast of ^larseilles, in the midst of olive, orange, and pomegranate plantations (Map: France. M 8). It is well built and has a good and commodious harbor, formed by a mole, and well defen<lod. The indus- tries are ehieily cotton-spinning and ship-build- ing, and there is an active trade in the produce of the district. Population, in 1901, 11,622. CIPARIU, che-pa'ri. Timoteo (1805-87). A Rumanian ecclesiastic and philologist, bom in Transylvania. As professor in the theological seminary of Blasendorf, he founded in 1867 the Orgnnul Luminnre! ('Org-an of Light'), the first Rumanian journal to be printed in Latin char- acters. He was the most celebratEd representa- tive of the Latinist School in Transylvania, and was the author of the following important works: Dc Latinitate Lingua: VaUirhirw (1855); De yomine Valachorinyi Gcntili (1857) ; De Re Litte- raria Valachorum (1858): dnimmatica himhei- Komine (2 vols.. 1859-60). The latter work was honored by a prize from the Rimianian Academy. CIPHER (from OF. cifre, Ger. Ziffer; from ML. rifni. zifcra. Ar. sifr, safr, cipher, from safnrn, to be empty I . An ornamental arrange- ment of the initial letters of a name by which they become also a private mark, adopted by artists and architects as distinctive of their work. That of .VHirecht Diirer is well known. That of the American painter Whistler also is well known — a conventionalized yellow butterfly. Any complex arrangement of letters which an individual employs as his sigiuiture l)ecomes his own pro|ierty. and Albrecht Diirer secured an in- junction, at one time, against an engraver who made use of his cipher when employed in en- graving his works. CIPHER. See Ckyptography ; Signalimg .VXD Tei-egrapiiixg, Military. CIPRIANI, che'pri-a'ne, Giovanni Battista (e. 1727-85). . Italian-Knglish painter and etcher. He was born in Florence in 1727 or 1728. He attended the school of Ignatius Hug- ford, an Englishman settled in Florence, where he was a fellow-pupil of Bartolozzi (q.v.). In hiter years Cipri.ani and Bartolozzi worked to- gether in London, and by the union of their re- spective talents — designing and engraving — l)roduced manj' works of rare excellence. Cipri- ani was one of the first members of the Royal Academy at its foundation in 17(i-''. He executed a few large portraits, most of which are at Houghton: he also left a large number of draw- ings, which are ranked as the most charming eflorls of his art. Cipriani died at Hammer- smith, December 14. 17S5. and was buried in the Chelsea burial-giound, where Bartolozzi erected a monument to liis menioni'. CIRCASSIA, sir-kasht-a. A region of the northwestern Caucasus (q.v.) (Map: Riissia, F 6). In its largest sense, as the home of the Kabardians and the Abkhasians, as well as of the Circassians (q.v.), it is bounded by the Kulian River on the north, the country of the Lesghians on the east, Mingrelia on the south, and the Black Sea on the west. Circassia has been nominally a part of Russia since 1829. It was only after a struggle of thirty-five years, however, that Russian sway was fully estab- lished. CIRCASSIANS, slr-kash'onz, or TCHER- EES'SES. A term applied in general to the nortiiwestern group of peoples inhabiting the region of the Caucasus, and in particular to the Adighe or Tcherkesses (the first is their ovn name; the .second, from which the word Circas- sian comes, is that by which they are known to the Turks and Russians), the most noteworthy of these tribes. Other Circassian triljes are the Abkhasians on the Black Sea. the Kabardians, Shapsukhs. Abadzeh, etc., all related more closely by language than by race; for all are more or less mixed with Tatar, Asiatic, Aryan, and other intrusive elements. Except the Abkhasians (the difference may be due to artificial lateral com- pression), the Circassian tribes tend to be brachycephalic. and of average rather than tall stature. The Abkhasians are darker-skinned, and not so well formed or featured as the Cir- cassians proper: and of the latter those of Kuban are the least attractive. The Kabardians. who formerly laid claim to greater purity of blood, are now less pure than some of the Adighe. The Circassians have produced many men and women of great physical beauty, and Circassian girls, famous for their good looks, have long adorned the harems of Turkish sultans, pashas, and men of wcaltli, refining to no little extent their Mon- golian blood — many of them, indeed, being ready enough to change their mountain home for a Turkish or Persian palace. The etliics of the Circassians have always been of a primitive type,