Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/854

* CINCINNATI. 750 CINCINNATI. ments. Among the leading manufactures are those of men'.s factory clotliing, distilled liquors, malt liquors, foundry and machine-shop products, carriages and wagons, boots and shoes, furniture, tobacco and cigars, soaps and candles. Slaughter- ing and i)ork-i)acking are carried on extensively, the lastnanu'd having been formerly the chief industry. Other products comprise all kinds of tanned and curried leather goods, wirework, scales and balances, brick and tile, bridges, cut- lery, hosiery and cotton goods, cheese and butter, compressed yeast, biscuits. Iirooms, bnislies, arti- cles representing the wood-turning and wood- carving industries, etc. The Kookwood I'ottery, on the crest of Mount Adams, a jirolnincnl struc- ture in an Elizabethan style of architecture, pro- duces purely American wares of high artistic merit, which are widely known. OovicKXMEN'T. The city government is eon- ducted upon the federal plan. The City Council (Tonsists of a Board of Legislation, composed of 31 members — one from each nninici]ial ward. The ilayor. elected trieniiially. appoints a non- partisan Board of Elections and a Board of Supervisors — each of four members. The City Clerk and his assistant are selected by the Board of Legislation. The City Auditor, Treasurer, Corporation Counsel, Police Court Judge, Police Court Clerk, the Board of Legislation — alreadj' mentioned — the Board of Education, and the Board of Public Service, are elected by the peo- ple. The last board, consisting of four members, controls the street-cleaning, health, water, and engineering departments, the parks, markets, infirmary, charities, and the city's administra- tive affairs in general. The School Board com- prises 31 members — one from each ward — elected for three years. This board also controls the Public Library. The Police Department is gov- erned by a non-partisan Board of four Police Commissioners a])])ointod by the Ciovernor, and the Fire Department by a Board of four Fire Trustees. api)ointed by the Mayor. The water- works, built and owned by the city since 18.39, cost $12.77.').000, and have 304 miles of mains. Water is pumped from the Ohio into reservoirs in Eden Park. The municijial income for the fiscal year of inOl was .«(!.!)8.'5,r)2. The. exi)enditures for niaintenance and operation amounted to over .*(>.000.000. The principal items included: Schools, about .Sl.OoO.OOO, of which $110,000 is devoted to the University: police department, .$000,000: lire department, .$40.5.000; water- works, $47.'),000: municipal lighting. $340,000; hospitals, as^-huns, charities. $210,000; street- cleaning and sprinkling, $200,000; other street expenditures. $100,000. The population, in 1810, was 2540; in 1850, 115.435: in 1870, 210,230: in 1.S80. 2.55.130; in 1800, 20(1, 008; ;ind in 1000 it was 325.002. of which number 57.0(il were foreign-born whites and 14.500 were cohired. The apparently slow increase of population during the last decade is> due to the introduction of the electric street railways, which, enabling workmen to live in Fubnrban towns, has swelled the poptilation of these districts at the expense of the mother city. Hi.STORY. On his way to attack the Indians at Chillieothe. in 178fll. Oeorge Rogers Clark stopped here, and erected two small blockhouses, which, luiwi'ver. were soon abandoned. The per- manent settlement dates from 1788. when a com- pany from New Jersey and Kentucky settled on ]iart of the land bought from the Government in the same year by John Cleves Symmes (q.v.). ■J'he village, which, early in the following year, was laid out by Col. Israel Ludlow, was pedan- tically called •Losantiville' — a hybrid word, sig- nifying 'the city opposite the mouth of the Licking.' In .June, 1780, Fort Washington was built here, and in 1700 the little village w'as Q made the capital of the newly erected Hamilton %, County, and was renamed "Cincinnati" by Gen- eral St. Clair, in lionor of the Society of the Cin- cinnati. iMir some years it was (inly a strag- gling village, inhabited for tlie most part by typical frontiersmen, and in 1800 it had a popu- i laticm of but 750. In 1802 it was incorporated as a town; and in 1810, with a i)opulati(m of about 7500, it became a city. The opening of steamboat navigation on the Ohio in 18l(i, the c<mipletion of the Miami Canal in 1830. and of the first section of the Little Miami Railroad in 1843, with the gradual estalilisliment of manufac- tures, cou])led with the advantagi'ous situation for jmrposes of trade — all tended to make tlie growth of the city very rapid. Between 1845 and 1800 German immigrants came in consid- erable nmnbers. Cincinnati's close conunercial and social relations with the South led its citi- zens for the most part to oppose all anti-slavery agitation, and thi' Phihinthropist press, estab- lished l>y .lames G. Birncy. was <iestroyed bv nu)bs in 1830, on the gri)iinil that the cit.v's trade with the South could not be maintained if Abolitionist papers were tolerated. Cincinnati was, however, the rendezvous for fugitive slaves escaping to Canada, and during the Civil War its sympathies were piedominantly with the yorth. In 1862, during the so-called 'siege of Cincinn.ati,' the city was threatened by a Con- federate force under Gen. Kirby Smith, and for a time was put under martial law. Cincinnati has suH'ered severclv from Hoods, the most de- structive of which occurred in 1832. when the lower part of the cit.v was submerged; in 1883, when more than 150 business houses were inun- dated; and in 1884, when much property was destroved and manv people lendcred destitute. In 1884 (March 28-31) occurred the famous 'Cincimuiti Riot.' A mob, infuriated b.v the lax administration of the law, broke into the jail and attempted to Ivnch some nuirderers who had received light .sentences from the courts; but. being frustrated, they burned the court- house and other buildings. The State militia was called out; but before order could be re- stored. 45 persons had been killed and 148 wounded. Bii!i,iocR.PiiY. Clark, Frrhistoric Remains of Cincinnaii (Cincinnati. 1870) ; Miller, Cincin- nati's Betiinninijs (Cincinnati. 1880) : Ford. Uis- lory of Cineimuili (Cleveland. 1881) ; History of Cincinnaii and Hamilton County (Cincinnati, 1804) ; Emerv, Thirty-fire Years Among the Poor and the Public Institutions of Cincinnati (Cin- cinnati. 1887); Wilby. "Municipal Condition of Cincinnati." in Proceediufis Second National Conference for Cood City Oorernment (Phila- delphia. 18051 : TroUope, Domestic Manners of the Amerienns (London. 1831: new ed,, New York. 1001): Woodward. ". Object Lesson of Ineflicient .-dministriition of Public Funds," in PnhUr rnlirii ( Pliiladelphia. 1001) : Ailes, "Cin-