Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/850

CINCHONA.  (London, 1897); Kuntze, Chinchona: Monographische Studie (Leipzig, 1878).  CINCHONIDINE,. See .  CINCHONINE, (from Neo-Lat. cinchona), C19H22N2O. An alkaloid occurring in cinchona bark along with quinine, and having much the same, though by far less powerful, physiological effects as quinine. It is a white crystalline substance, having neither odor nor taste, but leaving a bitter after-taste in the mouth. It is insoluble in water, and but sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether, or chloroform. The sulphate of cinchonine, (C19H22N2O)2H2SO4 + 2H2O, is a crystalline substance with a strong bitter taste, and is moderately soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform.

The alkaloid cinchonidine, occurring together with cinchonine, has the same chemical composition as the latter, though a much more pronounced physiological effect. It differs from cinchonine in certain of its physical properties, and its sulphate, (C19H22N2O)2H2SO4 + 3H2O is much less soluble in alcohol, and practically insoluble in chloroform. See.  CINCINNATI,. The capital of Hamilton County, Ohio; second city in the State, and tenth in the United States in population, on the right bank of the Ohio River, in latitude 39° 6′ 30″ N. and longitude 84° 26′ W. (Map:, A 7). It lies 116 miles southwest of Columbus, 270 miles southeast of Chicago, and 764 miles from New York, and 1210 miles from New Orleans.

The city is built upon two plateaus, surrounded by a semicircle of hills which approach close to the river above and below the inclosed plain, the ends of the semicircle being only two and a half miles apart. The first plateau is 65 feet above low-water mark, and rises on the north side 400 feet above the Ohio River, which forms here a grand curve from east to west; the second is elevated 50 to 100 feet higher, some points reaching an elevation of 900 feet above sea-level. The summits of the hills—Mount Adams, Mount Auburn, Fairview Heights, Price's Hill, and College Hill—accessible by roads and by inclined plane railways, command superb views of the river, of the Kentucky shore, and of the rolling country surrounding the city. Pierced by ravines, these thickly wooded highlands give a picturesque aspect to the city, and are covered with the beautiful residences of wealthy citizens; the Clifton, Avondale, and East Walnut Hills districts being especially noteworthy for their scenic beauty and magnificent homes. The climate is very favorable. The average temperature in summer is 75.24°; in winter, 34.28°; the yearly mean being 54.72°.

Cincinnati covers an area of 38 square miles, and has a river-frontage extending nearly 14 miles. The brick and the freestone found near at hand, and the blue limestone quarried within the city limits, are largely used for building material. The streets and avenues, averaging 66 feet in width, cross each other at right angles in the old portion of the city, and conform to the surface conditions in the new. A public landing or levee extends along Front Street, the sloping shore being paved and lined with floating docks and wharf-boats. As three terraces constituting the ascent rise one above another from the river-level, the streets become more irregular, and the

buildings with extensive grounds spread out. The lowest or ‘bottom’ streets, sometimes inundated by unusual floods of the Ohio River, are mainly devoted to manufacturing and wholesale trades; they also contain the few remaining slum quarters. The central and business portion of the city, with numerous fine stores, is compactly built, almost the whole plain being filled up, several former villages, of which Cumminsville was the most important, having been absorbed by the extending city. There are more than twenty street-railway lines, all of which converge at and encircle Fountain Square—mentioned below—as a common starting and terminal point. The city has 386 miles of paved and 224 miles of unpaved streets, 93 miles being of macadam, 70 miles of cobble-stones, 47 miles of granite and Belgian blocks, and 23 miles of asphalt. There are 220 miles of sewers, and the street railways aggregate 206 miles.

Beautiful suburban villages cluster about Cincinnati, and are rendered easily accessible by the street railroads. Covington, Newport, Dayton, Ludlow, Bellevue, Linwood, Mount Lookout, Norwood, Oakley (with its well-known race-course), and Riverside are some of these near-by towns. Their dwellings are large and costly, and are surrounded by ample grounds. Fort Thomas, a picturesque hill-station behind Newport, Ky., and one of the most important depots of the United States Army, is forty minutes distant by electric car. The large wire suspension bridge across the Ohio, completed in 1867, at a cost of $1,800,000, connects with Covington, Ky. It is 2252 feet long, with a span of 1057 feet, and 106 feet above low-water mark. Two bridges of wrought iron, resting upon stone piers, connect Cincinnati with Newport, Ky. A fourth bridge, uniting the city with Ludlow, Ky., is that of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. It cost $3,348,675, and has one of the longest truss spans in the world. A fifth bridge, the Chesapeake and Ohio, connecting Cincinnati with West Covington, is a cantilever. Two unimportant ferries also connect Cincinnati with Covington and Ludlow.

. Among the fine and substantial edifices may be mentioned the United States Government Building, which contains the Post-Office, Custom-House, court-rooms, and various offices, erected at a cost of $5,000,000. It is of sawed freestone, three stories high, in the Roman-Corinthian style. The City Hall is equally fine, and much larger. The County Court-House, with the jail, occupies a whole square; it is built in the Romanesque style, and is nearly fire-proof. The City Hospital, consisting of eight distinct buildings arranged around a central court, occupies a square of nearly four acres and accommodates 700 patients. The Chamber of Commerce, Masonic Temple, and Odd Fellows' Hall are grand and massive buildings. The City Workhouse has cells for 700 prisoners, with workshops and grounds for their employment. Longview Asylum for the Insane, at Carthage, 10 miles from the city, is of brick, in the Italian Renaissance style. Saint Peter's Roman Catholic Cathedral is an immense structure, in the Grecian style, with a stone spire 224 feet high. The altar-piece is Murillo's original “Saint Peter Delivered.” Saint Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, the First and Second Presbyterian churches, Saint Paul's Protestant Episcopal Pro-Cathedral, the Jewish Synagogue,