Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/846

* CIMABOSA. 746 CINCHONA. of (l.amatic situations, and tragic force, fully cijual to his rich vein of comedy. CIM'BRI. An ancient warlike tribe, which, with the Teutones (q.v.), were the first Germans that forced their way into the Roman territory. We hear of Ihcm ti'rst in B.C. 113, when they moved s(mth throu{;li the Cerman forests, joined with other northern tribes, and wandered through Xoricum and lllyricum. The Romans sent against them the "consul Papirius Carbo, but he met with a signal defeat at Xoreia, and the road to Ttalv was k'ft o])en to the enemy. Fortu- nately for Rome, the Cimbri chose to migrate to the Rhine, whidi they crossed, and proceeded southward tn Caul. By the year 109 they were again on the Roman lioundarics, and .Junius Silanus, lio was sent against them, also suffered a defeat. His successors were no more fortu- nate, and the Romans met with a great disaster jj at Arausio (Orange) in 105, when they lost no fewer than 80,000 troops. The news of this disaster created a panic in Rome. The Constitution was disregarded, and :Marius, the successful ueneral in .Africa, was made consul for five vears. in the hope that he might cnish the 'Gallic' invaders. While he was gathering great forces, the hordes of Cimbri and Teutones poured into northern Italy. The skillful gen- eralship of ^larius now put an end to their depredations. The Teutones were crushed at Aqu;T> SextiiP (Aix) in Gaul (B.C. 102), and in the following vear a fearful battle was fought with the Cimbii in the Cainpi Raudii. near Vei-- cell;T (Vcrcelli), and the entire nomad race was annihilated. The men were killed or captured, and the women slew themselves and their chil- dren (B.C. 101). The name Cimbric Chersonese was given by the ancients to the peninsula of Jut- land. CIMICIDiE, si-misf-de (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from l.at. (i/-irj, bug). The family of bugs represented by the bedbugs (genus Cimex) (q.v.). CIMICIFUGA, si'mi-slfu-gii (Xeo-Lat.. from Lat. cimex, hug + ftigare, to rout, from ftipcrc, to flee), or Bucbane. An herb of the order Ra- liuneulaceiP. Black snakeroot or black cohosh (Cimicifuga raccmosa) is found in all the North- ern United States, and is much used in rural dis- tricts as a medicine, chiclly in the form of a decoction. It contains a crystalline principle, two resins and tannin, and has strong alterative and sedative properties. It is sometimes used in cases of dyspepsia, bronchitis, amenorrhtea. and certain olhe'r diseases. The medicinal dose of the ollicinal e.xtraet of cimicifuga is from one to five grains. See Plate of Hloodroot, under 8.xgvixahi.. CIMME'RIANS (Gk. Kimm^/jioi. Khnmcrioi, from Hell. Hunur. clay, in allusion to their sub- terranean huts; .Assyr. (limirrui. Arm. (lamir, Cappadocia). (1) In Homer, a mythical jieople, living in the far west, on the shores of the ocean, where the sun never shines and perpetual darkness reigns. (2) An historical people, whose country lay along the northern shore of the Black Sea! including the Tauric Chersonese. These latter at an early period made inroads Into Asia Minor, and laid waste the country. There were presumably several such incursions, but the accounts are confused. It was proliably in the seventh century B.C. that they were driven from their homes by the Scythians and overran Asia Minor. They on this occasion plundered Sardis and destroyed Magnesia, but failed in an attempt on Ephcsus, and were finally driven back by Alyattes of Lydia. See Fuller's Earth. CIMOLITE, slm'4-lit. CIMON, si'mOn (Lat., from Gk-KfjuuK, A'i»i6;i ) ( y -B.C. 449) . An .thenian commander, the son of Miltiades, the coiiiiucior at Marathon, In eonjuiictioii with .Xristides, he was placed over the Athenian contingent to the allied fleet, which, under the supreme command of the Spartan Pausanias, continued the war against the Per- sians (B,c, 477), He effected ilie important eompiest of Kion, a town on the river Strymon, then garrisoned by the Persians. Later (c.46 B.C.). when commander-in-chief of the fleet, he encountered a Persian tlii't of 3.J0 ships at the river Eurymedon. destroyed or cajitured 200, and defeated the land forces on the same day. e succeeded likewise in driving the Persians from Thrace, Caria, and Lycia. and expended much of the money which he had obtained by the recoveri' of his patrimony in Thrace upon the improvement of the city of Athens. At this jieriod he appears to have been the most inlluential of the Athenians. The hereditary enemy of Persia, he made it his policy to advo- cate "a close alliance with Sparta; and when the Helots revolted, he led an army upon two occasions to the support of the Spartan troops; hut on the second occasion, having lost the confidence of his allies, he was ignominiously dismissed. After his return to Athens, his policy was opposed by the democracy, lieaded by Peri- cles, who procured his banishment by ostracism. He was recalled in the fifth year of his exile, and was instrumental in obtaining a live years' armistice between the Spartans and the Athe- nians. He died in the year B.C. 149, while be- sieging the Persian garrison of Citium in Cyprus. CINCHONA, sinko'na (Xeo-Lat.. prop. Chin- chomi. from the Countess del Cliinchon, wife of the Viccrov of Peru), An imiiortant genus of trees of "the order Rubiacea They yield the bark, so much valued in medicine, known as Peruvian bark, .Jesuits' bark, china bark, quina, (luiM'iuiua, cinchona bark, etc., from which the important alkaloids qiiinia or quinine (q.v.)
 * uid cinihouia or cinchoiiine (q.v.) are obtained.

The ])roperties of the alkaloids are astringent, tonic. aiiti|)eriodic, and febrifugal. The species of this yeniis are sometimes trees of considerable size: but, an aftergrowth springing from their roots when they have been felled, they often ap- jiear only as large shrubs, and some of them in the highest mountain regions in which they are found arc low trees with stems only 8 or 10 feet in height. They exist naturally only in South America, lietween latitudes 20° S. and 10° X., and cliiedv on the eastern slope of the second range of the Cordilleras. All the cinchonas, of which there are about fifty s[)eeies, are evergreen trees, with laurel-like, entire, opposite leaves, stipules which soon fall off, and panicles of flowers which, in general aiipearance. are not un- like those of lilac or jirivel. The llowers are white, rose-colored, or puridish. ami very fragrant. The calyx is small and five-loot bed; the corolla tubular with a salver-sbaped five-cleft limb. In the true dnchoiia, the capsule splits from the base upward. Great ditlicultv has been found in determining