Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/842

* CICEKO. 742 CID. (Paris, 1884) ; on his rhetorical and oratorical gifts, Causcret, Sur la laiigue de la rhetorique tliiiis CiCi'nm (Paris, 1886): Thielp, tJrrmagcrras (Herliii, IS'.);}); anil Sears, Historii uf Oratory (Chicago. 18!>6). Repanling the letters of Cice- ro, consult Xisard, Xotcs sur les letlres de Ci- ccron (Paris, 1882), and the introduction to Tyr- rell and Purser's edition, in vol. i. CICERO, QtixTrs TrLLir.s (c.102-4.3 B.C.). A Konian coniniander. younnpr brother of Cicero, the orator. He served as pra'tor in B.C. fi'2, and was Governor of Asia for three years. As legal us, he accompanied Csesar to Britain in n.c. 5ii. He conuuanded a Icjrion in winter quarters in n.c. 54. and showed skill and coura;;e in defending; his lanip ajjainst vast forces of tlie (Jauls under Anilnorix. In .51 he served as legate to his brother, Marcus Tullius, in Cilicia. After the battle of Pharsalia, in which he had fought on tlie side of Pompeius, he was proscribed by the triumvirs and put to death by llie emissaries of Antonins. Quintus was perhaps the author of the Commcntarioliitii Petitionis. a missive ad- dressed to his brother and usually printed with Cicero's letters to him, and of several trafredies, which have been lost. Eighteen lines by him are printed in IJiicheler, Quinti Ciceronis Reliquia: (Lelpzi.i.', 18011). CICERONE, sis'e-rO'ne, It. proii. che'cha-rO'- li.'i ( It., from Cicero, on account of his learning or eloquence). A guide, usually for the purpose of showing the curiosities and works of art in a town to strangers. Ciceroni are of all degrees, from distinguished archaeologists, who undertake the office as a favor, to the humble guide-inter- pretc. CICHORIUM, sl-ko'ri-um. See Ciitcory. CICINDELICffi, sis'In-dcl'i-de. See Tiger- Bef.ti.es. CICISBEO, che'ch^s-ba'6 ( It., whence Fr. cicis- hce, sigisbic, probably from Fr. c7iic, Sp. chico, small + beau. It. bello. beautiful; i.e. a minor gallant). A name given in Italy to the pro- fessed gallant or constant attendant upon a married lady. In the higher ranks of Italian society, it was at one time considered unfash- ionable for the husband to associate with his wife anywhere except in his own hou.se. In society, or at public places of amusement, the wife was accomjianied by her cicisbeo, who attended at her toilet to receive her commands for the day. This custom, which was once universal, and which naturally gave rise to much scandal, has now almost disappeared. Cicisbeo is synonymous with . carnliere servente. See Byron's poem lieppo. CICOGNARA, che'kft-nya'ri, Leoi'OLDO, Count ( ITiiT- 1><M4 1 . . Italian archaeologist and art- hislorian. lie was born in Ferrara. studied in Jlodena and the Academy of San Liica, and be- came successively ambassadiu- of the Cisalpine Republic to Turin, and a councilor of State. In 1808 he left the Government service and became president of the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice. He traveled extensively and made valu- able collections of art-objects and works on art- history. His chief publication is the Sloria della sculturn dal sua risorqimrnto in Italia sliio at .•<eeolo di Xapoleour (.i vols.. 18l;M8; 2d ed., 7 vols., 1824), a critical study of remarkable com- pleteness and ace uracy, which obtained for him a European reputation. Consult: Becchi, Klogio di Leopoldo Cicognara (1834) ; and Zanetti, Cen- »i biografici di Leopoldo Cicognara (Venice, 1834). CICONI, chf-ko'n TEon.M.no (1 824-03 ). An Italian dramatist, born in San Panicle (Friaull. He studied in Padua, and in 1848 i)articipated in the insurrection in Tuscany, Venice, and Konie. Subseqiiently he I)ecamc known as a journalist and poet. His comedy Le pcvorelle smarrite ( 1857 ) was liis first important popular success. Otlier dramatic works, such as Le mosche bianche and La ririncita, confirmed his reputation. CID, The. or CID CAMPEADOR. Sp. pron. then kam'pu-:i-ijur' (Sp., Lord I'oiiciueror). The name given in histories, traditions, and songs to the most celebrated of Spain's national heroes. There is so much of the mythical in the his- tory of this personage that hy]i<'rcritical writers, such as Masdea. have doil)ted his existence; but recent researches, more particularly those of Dozy, and the investigation of newly discovered Arabic sources, have succeeded in separating the historical from the romantic. The following is the result of these inquiries : Rodrigo or Kuy Diaz (Roderic the son of Diego), generally known as Buy Diaz de Bivar, was descended from one of the proudest families of Castile. His name first appears in a document written in 10(14. during the reign of Ferdinand the Great of Leon. Under Sancho II., son of Ferdiiutnd, he became standard-bearer and commander of the royiil troops. In a war between the two brothers, Sancho II. and Alfonso VI. of Leon, it was a stratagem of Roderic's — which, according to modern notions, was anything but honorable — that secured the victory of Sancho at Llantada over his brother, who was forced to seek refuge with the Jloorish King of Toledo (1071). He ajipears at this time to luive already been called the Caiiiprailor, a word supposed to answer to our 'champion.' Upon the assassination of his friend and pa- tron. King Sancho, he required the next heir, Alfonso, to clear himself by oath of any par- ticipation in his brother's murder, ere the nobles of Leon and Castile should do homage to him. By this act he incurred the new monarch's enmity: an enmity which, however, the politic King concealed in the hour of danger, and he even consented to Roderic's marriage with his cousin Ximena, daughter of Diego. Duke of As- turias. But when the King thought the ser- vices of Roderic no longer necessary to his own safety, he lent a willing ear to the latter's per- sonal enemies, and banished him in lOSl. Roderic then joined the Moorish King of Saragossa, in whose service he fought against both .Moslems and Christians. It was ]>rolial)ly during this exile that he was first called the Cid or Sid. an Arabic title which means lor<l. lie freipiently defeated the King of Aragon and the Count of Barcelona, the latter of whom, Berenguer Ramon II., he took prisoner. He was again reconciled to the King, but only for a .short time, when he was condemned to a second exile. In order to supi)ort his family and ntunerous followers, he now saw himself forced to carry his sword against the Moors, over whom he gained a victory, and cstal)lished himself as sovereign or lord of Viih'Ucia (10i)4). He retained possession of 'alencia five years, during which time he took many neighboring