Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/839

* CICADA. 739 CICEKO. Uitbits. etc. — The life of an adult cicada is noisy and sliort. These are. indeed, the noisiest insects in the woild. Darwin heard them while on the Bcatjlc, when it was anchored a quarter of a mile from shore. Only the males give the note. "Happy," said the tireek poet Xeuarchus, ""the cicadas' lives, for they have voiceless wives." As no special auditory organs have been detected, it lias been suggested that cicadas are capable of feeling rhythmical vibrations only. The sound- making organs which the males possess fully developed, and the females only partly, are pecu- liar to the cicadas. They consist of enlarge- ments of the metathoracic epimera, in the forn> of an opercular covering beneath which there is a very comjjlicated apparatus. The sound is made by the ra])id vibration of one of the mem- branes called the timbal. The other two mem- branes probably are set in vibration in- the first, and. in connection with the oiicrcula. the three stigmata and the wliule skeleton of the insect, in- tensify the sound. The females are provided with powerful ovipositors. The eggs are de- posited in the twigs of trees or shrubs or in the stems of herbs. The young hatch out in a few weeks, dro]) to the ground, and begin there a long subterranean existence. They feed on the sap from the roots of trees. The larva; may pene- trate as deep as twenty feet below the surface of the ground, where it is dillicult to make out their life-history. The manner of transformation from the larva to the pupa we do not know. The pupa is incased in a hard shell and when about ready to emerge from the grovind may construct a chimney of earth several inches in height, but whether this is a purposeful act or not we do not know. When the pupa crawls out of the ground it fastens itself to sonic firm object, such as a wooden fence or a tree-trunk, the skin splits along the dorsal line of the thorax, and through this the adult winged insect emerges. The pupal skin when dried still retains the shape of the pupa, and may be found attached to the sup- port several days after the adult has flown away. In the United States the two commonest forms are the dogday harvest-fly {Cicada tibicens) and the periodical cicada or l."} to 17 year locust (Cicada septendecim) . The har'est-fly is the black-and-green one that appears every year in mid-unnucr. and gives out its prolonged, shrill, and to many persons nerve-racking, cry from tree-tops during the heated hours of the day; this fonn matures in two years, but since there are two difi'erent broods, one appears every year. The Periodical Cicada. — This species requires from l.S to 17 years for development, according, mainly, to the temperature of the locality in which it breeds. Heat hastens its development, hence the l.'5-year forms oc<ur in the South, but in each locality there are always some individu- als that come out a year or two ahead of the main brood and others that lag a few years be- hind. This form has the greatest longevity of any known insect. The time of its periodicity has been made out by noting its appearance in certain localities for a considerable number of years, twenty-two Ijroods having thus been de- termined. Several of these broods, which are dimorphic, nuiy coexist in the same locality. Hence larvae of difl'erent ages, of several genera- tions, may be founil in the grovind at one and the same time and they will appear as adults in dif- ferent years. The sound made by these insects is peculiar, very loud, and closely resembles the huiniiiing of a resonant telegraph pole when its wires are vibrating in a strong breeze. Consult: Woodworth, "Synopsis Xorth .Ameri- can Cicadida'," in Psyche, Vol. X. (Cambridge, Mass^, 1888). For the "seventeen-year locust' see '"The Periodical Cicada," an illustrated mono- graph of 148 pages, by C. L. Marlatl. liulle- tin J.'i of (he i'liilcd litates Department of Agri- etilltire ( Washingtrni, 1898). See Locust. CICADA-KILLER. See Sand-Wasp. CIC'ATRIZA'TION (from Fr. cicatrisation, from ci((ilrif:rr, to scarify, from Lat. cicatrix, a scar). The process of healing or skinning over of an ulcer or broken surface in the skin or in a mucous membrane, by which a fibrous mate- rial, of a dense, resisting character, is substituted for the lost tissues. The new tissue, in such a ease, is called the cicatrix, and consists of fibrous connective tissue, with a tendency to contract, a lack of elasticity, and a white, shining appear- ance. Tile glands and other sjiecial structures of the original tissue are wanting in the cicatri.x. See INFLAMMATION; Ulcer. CICCIONE, clic-eho'na, Andrea. An Italian sculptor and architect, born in Naples in the first part of the Fifteenth Century. He modeled the line tombs for King Ladislas (141,t) and for Ca- raceiolo in the Church of San Giovanni at Carbonara. He was also the architect of the cloister of Santo Severino, the church and monastery of Jlontc Oliveto, and several other palaces and churches. CICELY, sis'e-ll (corruption of seseli, from OF., Lat. scsclifi. from Gk. aiirtKi, seseli, cicely) {Mi/rrhis) . A genus of lunbelliferous plants, nearly allied to chervil. One species, sweet cic- ely (M^rrltis odorata). is common in the central and southern parts of Europe, and in similar cli- mates in Asia, but in Great Britain it appears to have been introduced. It is soiiietiiues called myrrh in Scotland. It is a branching perennial, two feet high or upward, with large triply pin- nate leaves and pinnatifid leaflets, somewhat downy beneath ; the whole plant is powerfully fragrant, the .smell resembling that of anise. The seeds, roots, and young leaves are used in Ger- many and other countries in soups, etc. The plant was formerly much in use as a medicinal aromatic. In the United States, sweet cicely is the name given to the species of Osmorrhizii, a genus closely related to ilj'rrhis. CI'CER. See Ciiick-Pea. CICERO, :Marcus Tullius ( 106-4.3 n.c.) . The greatest orator of Rome, and one of the most illustrious of her statesmen and men of letters. He was born at Arpinum .lanuary 3. ii.c. lOU. lie belonged to an ancient family, of the eques- trian order, and was possessed of considerable influence in his native disirict. His father, him- self a man of culture, and desirous that his son should acquire an eminent position in the State, removed him at an early age to Rome, where, under the direction of the orator Crassus, he was instructed in the language and literature of Greece, and in all the other branches of a liberal (dncalion. In his sixteenth year lie assumed the tofid ririlis. or manly toga, and was intro- duced to the jiublic life cif a Roman citizen. He now acquired a knowledge of law, and underwent