Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/830

* CHURCH. 730 CHURCH DISCIPLINE. CHURCH, I'RKIIKRICK Sn-ART (1842 — ). An AiiuMiu;iii aniiiial and fifjure painter. Ho was born in Grand Rapids. Miili.. and studied with Sliirlaw in t'liica<jo and W'ilniartli in New York. He is a member of the National Academy. Society of American Artists, and American Water-color Society. Among liis ])ictures are '•Weirdness," ".Mad" as .March Hares." and "The Sea Princess," in oil : and "Hard Times" and "The Phantoms," in water-colors. He ochihited "Saint Cecilia" in 180(5. He also exhibited, in the Na- tional .cademy of Design, 1901. "The Sea-Ser- pent." Church has a sensitive and delicate feeling for color which he realizes more fully throiiirli his use of water-color than in the medium of oil. His conceits ])artake somewhat of the tjerman order of fancy and are (|uaint. sometimes humorous, and sometimes j)lulosophic. His sense of composition and line is graceful and decorative. CHURCH, Sir Richard (1784-1873). A British soldier, lie served for many years in the British Army, during which time (in 1809 and 1812) he raised two regiments of Greek light in- fantry, in vain attempts to free the Peloponnesus. In 1827 he was called to Greece by the struggling patriots, and was chosen generalissimo of the land forces. He cociperated in the revolutionary move- ment of 184."! which gave Greece a constitutional government, and thereafter, until his death, lived in .thcns. CHURCH, EiCHARn ViLLi.M (1815-90). An Knglish author, and a clergyman of the Estab- lished Church. lie was born in Lisbon, studied in Oxford, was a[)pointed a Fellow of Oriel, and was Dean of Saint Paiil's from 1871 until his death. He is chieliy known as a scholar and writer. His long list of publications includes: Essays and A'CLieios (18,54); Civili::ation and Religion (1800) ; UniversiUi Sermons (ISfiS) ; The liegin- ■nincj of the Middle Affes (1877) ; and able vol- umes on lUu-on (1870) and Hpcnscr (1879), in the "Englisli Men of Letters" series. A uniform edition of many of his works appeared in 1888, and a postliumous work on The Oxford Movement was ])ublished in 1891. CHURCH ALE. An annual festival, held in England in a churchyard or near a church, at which nuich ale was used. It is said by some to have celebrated some anniversary, as the dedica- tion of a church, or Easter or Whitsuntide. The profits were used for church repairs. Church ales are now represented by village fairs, wakes, etc. CHURCH CALENDAR. A tabic of holy days, saints' days, church festivals, and the like. The earliest now existing, which contains the Christian festivals, is that of Silvius, a.d. 448. A fragment of a Gothic calendar remains, which ])robal)ly belongs to the Fourth Century. The name is apjilied also to the fasti or catalogues for particular churches, of the saints most hon- ored by them, such as bishops, nuirtyrs, etc. At the Beformation the German Lutheran Church retained the Roman calendar. The full calen- dar of the f^hurch of England contains nine eol- lunns, giving the golden luimber. days of the month, the dominical or Sunday letter, the ca- lends, nones and ides, the daily Scripture lessons, and the holy days of the Church, together with some of the Roman festivals which have been re- tained, not as having any religious vahie, but liecause the practice of the courts or popular cus- toms had become interwoven with them. The calendar of the Protestant Episco))al Church in the United Stated retains only the festivals which are referable to a scriptural origin. CHURCH CONGRESS. The name of free gatherings of iiiiiijsicrs and laymen of the Estab- lished Cluirch of JCngland, annually convened for the discussion of ecclesiastical and religious ques- tions. The first church congress was held in 18G1 in Camhridge and in the fcdlowing years successively in Oxford, ilanchester, Bristol, York, etc. The attendance is us illy very large, and comprises nuiny bishops and lower dignita- ries. Full reports of the i)roceedings of each ses- sion are published. Such meetings, Iviving the advantage of free interchange of views, but with no claim to ecclesiastical authority, have been found very profitable; and in the Protestant Episco]ial Church of the United States they have been held since 187.5 in the years when the Gen- eral Convention docs not meet. CHURCH DIET. The free gathering of ministers and lay members of German Protest- ant churches. Such meetings arose in conse- quence of the revolutionary movement of 1848, which threatened to endanger the influence of the Evangelical Church upon society. Members of the lAitheran, Reformed, the United Evan- gelical, with the High Church 'confessionals,' participated in the earlier meetings; but after 1860 only the evangelical parties were represent- ed. Annual reports are published. CHURCH DISCIPLINE. The means em- ployed by the Cluisliau Church, besides the ministration of word and sacraments, to secure on the part of its otlice-bearers and members a faithful adherence to their profession and a corresponding blanudessness of life. It rests upon the authority of Christ, and at the same time necessarily arises, in some form, out of the very constitution of the Church as a so- ciety. Among the early Christians it soon as- sumed forms of great severity toward ofTenders, es])ecially toward the lapsed (q.v.). At a later jieriod the disci]>line of the Church was chiefly exercised with respect to persons accused of heresy and schism. The penances of the Cluirch of Rome have long formed an important i)art of its discipline, and therewith its indulgences (q.v.) are closely connected, as well as its doc- trine and rule of aurieular confession. (See CoNFES.siON. ) In the Protestant churches, pub- lie confession of sins by which public scandal has been given, and submission to public relnike, are sometimes required. Practices more analo- gous to those of the primilivc Cliuich were established in many churches after the Kcforma- tion. but in general have fallen greatly, or en- tirely, into disuse. The power of exclusion from the Lord's Supper, and from the rights and privileges of church membersliip. is. however, generally retained and exercised, until, by pro- fession of rciicntance, and by reformation of life, the cause of such exclusion is removed ; and ministers or other olTieebearers are. upon olVense given in their doctrine or conduct, suspended from their functions, or altogether deposed from their ofliee. The exercise of church discipline belongs more or less exclusively to a hierarchy, or to the oll'ice-bearers assembled in church courts, or to the members of each congregation, according as the church is Episcopalian, Prcsby-