Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/826

* CHUKOR. 726 CHUR. India and westward to the Black Sea. See r.RTBinuK. CHUMBTTL'. or CHAMBAL (Skt. Carman- tali, linviii-^ liuifs, from cuniKiii, hide). An un- liavijrable river of British India, rising in the 'indli.va Mountains, which form the southern limit of the basin of the Ganges (Map: India. V 3). Its source, at a height of 201!) feet above the sea, is in latitude 22° 26' W. and longitude 75° 45' K. In its generally northwestern course of 514 miles, it receives many tributaries on both sides, till, in latitude 26° "30' N. and longitude Til° 10' R.. it enters the -lunma from the riglit with such a volume of water that,, when flooded. it has been known to raise the imited stream 7 or 8 feet in twelve hours. CHUN, Kwn, I'LKL (1852—). A German zoologist, born in Iliichst-am-Main. lie studied the natural sciences in Giittingcn and Leipzig, from 1872 to 1875. In 1S78 he became a privat- docent in Leipzig: in 1883 professor of zoology in Kiinigsberg, then in Breslau in 1889, and in Leipzig in 1808. He has written: Das Xerven- at/slcm uitd die Miislalniur der llippenqxiallen (1878) : Die Ktmophoren des Coifs ion Xeapel (1880) : "Coelenterata," in Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs (1891 et seq.) ; and many less important works. CHXINAM' (Tamil ctinnam. Hind, cilna. lime, from Skt. riirna, powder). A very fine kind of (piicklime made from calcined shells or from very pure limestone, and used for chewing with betel (q.v.), and for plaster. It is very white, and takes a high polisli. Both recent and fossil shells are used for making chunam. Extensive beds of fossil shells employed for this purpose occur in the south of India, particularly in low, mai-shy situations near the seacoast. The chu- nam from Madras is among the best made. The shells used are in the first place very care- fully cleaned: they are then calcined in kilns, with wood charcoal. When chunam is to be used for plaster, it is mixed with fine river-sand and thoroughly beaten up with water. The name is ajiplicd also to a weight for gold in northern India. CHUNCHO. choon'cho. A group of savage anil warlike tribes living in the forests at the extreme headwaters of the Ucayali Kiver, cen- tral Peru. They live in communal houses, culti- vate corn, bananas, and pineapples, and range the forest.s for game. They bury their dead in their houses, and are said to be afraid to be at any time in utter darkness for fear of evil spirits. On account of their ferocity, very little is definitely known of them; but they are be- lieved to be closely related to the. ti (q.v.). CHXINGA, chun'g:i, or CHTJNNIA (Xeo- Lat., from the native name). . crane-like bird K'hiintia fiannieistrri) of Argentina, closely re- lated to the cariama (q.v.), but smaller, darker, and more addicted to wooded districts. It is shy, has a barking note, feeds largely upon locusts, and nests on the ground; but the young are ca-ily and commonly domesticated. CHTJNG-KING, ehoon'king' (Chinese, middle citv). -V city of China, the commercial capital of the Province of Sze-clmen and one of the most important commercial centres of western China (Map: China, C 6). It is situated in latitude 20° .'53' N. and longitude 107° 2' E., on a small elevated peninsula at the confluence of the rivers Kia-ling and Yang-t-se-kiang. It is .surrounded by a strong stone wall, about five miles in circumference and pierced with nine gates. The climate is neither pleasant nor liealthful. Cliung-king was opened to foreign trade in 1801, and has since become the centre from which tile imports for western China are distrib- uted through the affluents of the Yang-tse-kiang. The population of the city, including the adjoin- ing town of Kiang-peh-ting, which is incorporated with Chung-king, and also a number of surround- ing villages, is estimated at about 300,000. CHUTRA. See CnAPR.. CHUQUET. shi.rkiV, XlC0L.s (c.l445-c.l500). . I'rciH li mathematician. He was born in Paris
 * iiid died in Lyons. His works, entitled Le tri-

I'lirli/ <n la S'ience des nomhres (1484) has been copied many times, but was first printed in Bon- comp:igni's liulhttino di hihliograjiti r di sturia dellc scicnze nitileninticlie c /isirlif ( Komc. 1880), from a manuscript in the Biblioth&que Xationale. The work consists of three parts: ( 1 ) Treatment of rational numbei-s; (2) treatment of irrational numbers; (3) treatment of equations. Chuquet used the successive convergents of a continued fraction to approximate roots of numbers (the method used by Etienne de la Roche), and called it ediocion entre le plus ei le moins. In the Triparty appear not only the signs P and m for plus and minus, but also expressions like n^ ■ 10, Ija. 17 for v/To, i/17. Chuquet used the Cartesian _ex|ionentnotation o", o", a' for «. ax, ax'. . .a"" for ax ~'. the ex- pressions equipolenee and equipolent for equiv- alence and eqiivalcnt. and the words byllion, tryllion, quadrillion, quyllion, sixillion, septyllion, ottvllioii. nonvllion, as well as million. Consult: Boiicompagni", Uullettino XIII, (Rome, 1880); and Cantor, Voilesunficn iihcr (Icsrhichte der Malhcniatilc, Vol. II. (Leipzig, 1000 i. CHTJQXIISACA, choo'ke-sa'ka, CHARCAS or SUCRE, soo'kra (So. Amcr. Indian, place of gold). A southeastern department of Bolivia, bounded by the Department of Santa Cruz on the north. Brazil on the east, Paraguay and the De- partment of Tarija on the south, and of Potosf and Oruro on the west (Map: Bolivia, E 8). Its area is estimated at from 40.000 to over 70.000 square miles, the variations being due to the un- defined southern boundary of the State. The western part is mountainous and has a good climate. The eastern part is mostly tlat and very spar.sely inhabited. The forests are ex- tensive, and plenty of grazing as well as agricul- tural land is found. The cliief mineral deposit is silver, which is mined to some extent and ex- ])orted. The civilized population was olliciallv estimated in 1800 at 125.000, including 85.000 Indians and about 7.500 whites. Capital. Sucre ((pv.). whidi has been the capital of the republic. CHUR, Koor (Fr. Coire. It. Coira. Lat. Curia h'ha-torum). The capital of the Swiss Canton of Grisims, and an episcopal city, situated on the Plessur, 00 miles southeast of Zuricli in the valley of the fjiper Rhine. i:i a fertile plain about 2000 feet above the sea, and surroumled by high mountains (.Map: Switzerland, T> 2). The town stands on uneven ground, has narrow- streets, and is divided into high and low sections. The bishop's palace and the quarter around it, inhabited bv the Roman Catholics, occupy the