Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/822

* CHRYSOBERYL. 722 CHRYSOSTOM. beryllium alumiuate that crystallizes in the ortliorhombic system. It has a vitreous lustre, ami is found in various shades of jirecn, and is sometimes red by transmitted light. The green- ish varieties showing a chatoyant ellVct are called cat's-eye (q.v. ), while opalescent specimens are named cymophanc. Chrysoberyl was known to the ancients and was called Oriental cluysulile or Oriental topaz. It is found in Brazil, Ceylon, and in the Ural Mountains. A variety of an emerald-green color, but red by transmitted light, is called alexandrite, in honor of the Czar Alex- ander II. In the United States chrysoberyl oc- curs at Iladdani, Conn., and at Xorway, Stow, and several other localities in ilaine. The largest transjiarent crystals are frequently cut into gems. CHRYS'OCOL'LA (Neo-Lat., from Gk. xP"- tr6KoWa,eli ri/xoholln, gold solder, fronixpf(»'6s,Cew Jersey, Pennsylvania. Wisconsin, ilichigan, Arizona, and elsewhere in the United States. When found in sulliciently abundant (piantities it is a valuable ore of copper, as it contains when pure 45 per cent, of copper o.xide. The name chrysocoUa was applied by the ancients to any green mineral, as malachite, containing copper and capable of being used as a pigment. CHRYS'OLITE ( from OF. crisoUte, Fr. cTiry- solillie, frnni Lat. chri/f!olithos, Gk. XP""'^^'^'", chrysolitlios. from xP""^^, chrysos, gold + XWos, lithos, stone). A magnesium-iron silicate that crystallizt's in the ortliorhombic system. It is of a green color, varying from yellow to brown, with a vitreous lustre, and when cut is prized as a gem-stone. Chrysolite is frc(jucntly found in lava, as at Vesuvius, and in the volcanic rocks of Sicily, the Azores, the Hawaiian islands, and elsewhere. Fine specimens have been brought from Kgypt and sold for jewelry. In the United States it is found in the form of small, olive- green. i)itted grains or pebbles, with garnet, in Arizona and New Mexico, where the grains are called 'Job's tears' on account of their pitted appearance. It also occurs in basalt near Montreal, and elsewhere in Canada. The so- called chrysolite of the jeweler is usually chryso- beryl, and the ehrysolithiis mentioned by Pliny is supposed to have been topaz. It is said that many of the so-called emeralds in European churches, as those of the 'Three !Magi' in the Cathedral of Cologne, are chrysolites, and not emeralds. CHRYSOLOGUS. kri-s6l'6-gus (T,at.. from Gk. xi^va6oyoi, from x'^'"^^. eliri/soK, gold + XA7»s, Irxjos, speech; referring to liis oratorical powers), Petkh (400-t50). Hishop of Ravenna in 4.33. He opposed Arianism and ICutychianism. About a hundred genuine sermons of his have come down to us, though there are 7B others at- tributed to him. They do not bear out his repu- tation for eloquence, but show an earnest and spiritually minded nature. His works are in iligne, I'alroliKixa Ij<itiiia, Lll. Tbire is a partial translation into (iernum by M. Held (Kempfen, 1874), For his life, consult H. Dapper (Cologne, 1807) and F. V. Stablewski (Posen 1871). CHRYSOLORAS, krisMO'ru.s, Mani el ( Mtl.'ii. A l!y/.aiitinc Greek scholar, born in the middle of the Fourteenth Century. He has tlic distinction of Ijcing the first important teacher of Greek of the Renaissance. Toward the end of the Fourteentli Century his scholarsliip became famousin Italy, so that tiuarino da Verona went to Constantinople to learn Greek of him. About l.'iSI.J he was scut by the Byzantine Em- jieror to the West to ask assistance from Italy and England against the Turks. While on this mission he became known to many Italians, and in 1,'{9G, being invited by the Florentine Re- public, he settled in Florence as a teacher of Greek literature. Within the next few years Chrysoloras had, among the most eminent of his pupils. NiccolO Niccoli, Leonardo Bruni, Manetti, and others. In 1400 he left Florence, and two years later he was teaching in Pavia, where he translated Plato's Ifepnlilic into Latin. During the next decade he seems to have traveled in France, Spain, and England, and to liav* been engaged in teaching Greek in a ninnber of Italian cities. He was employed by Po])e Gregory XII. in an attempt to bring about the union of the Greek with the Ronum Church. He accompanied .John XXIIl. to the Council of Constance, and died while it was in progress, April 15, 1415. His most important work was his Greek Gram- mar, first published in Venice in 1484, which was for many years the standard work for (!reek teaching in Italy and elsewhere. Another in- teresting work was his conqjarison of ancient and modern Rome (^iryi^piais ~aaiac Kal vea^ rw/i;/?}. Consult: Voigt, Die ]'ic(Jerbelehunr/ dc.i hlassi- schen Alterthum.i, I. (Berlin, 1895) ; Symonds, Renaissance in Itahj, II, (London, 1877). CHRYS'OPRASE (from Lat. chr))soprasus. Gk. x/""^/""^', c rysoprasos, from x/'fcis, chry- sos, gold + ■irpd(rov, prason, leek). A variety of chalcedony, the apple-green color of which is due to the presence of a small quantity of nickel oxide. It is found in Silesia, Germany, and near Riddles, Oregon, where it occurs in nickel ore in ^•eins over an inch thick; also in Tulare Coiuity. Cal. Chrysoprase was formerly much scmght after as a gem-stone, but as it loses its color if kept in a warm place, it is no longer nuich jirizcd. It is mentioned in the Bible, anil by the ancients v.-as described as a gem of a yellowish-green color, the identity of w'hich has never been definitely established. C'hrysDprase earth is the name given to ;in ;ii)plegn'cn variety of pimelite from Silesia. CHRYSOSTOM, vris'os-tom or kri-sos'tom (from Gk. Xpuff/urTo/uis, Chrysostumos, golden- mouthed, from xpi"f4s, chrysos, gold + arbiia. .^toma, mouth; so named from the splendor of his eloquence), .John, Saint (e.345-47). One of the greatest Fathers of the early Church. He was born in .Vntioch in ..n. 34.'i or 347. He came of a patri- cian family. His father. Secundus, died soon after Clirysostom's birth. His mother, Anthusa. was a pious woman, wholly devoted to her son, who grew up under her loing instructions into an earnest, gentle, and serioiis youth, passing through none of those wild, dark struggles with sinful passions which left an inefTaceahle impress on the soul of Augustine, and gave a sombre color- ing to his whole theology. He studied oratory under Libanius, a heathen rhetorician, as he at first intended to be a jurist, and soon excelled his