Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/812

* CHRI3TS HOSPITAL. 714 CHROMIUM. esque. It consists of a long l)lue woolen gown or coal, reaching nearly to the feet, with a nar- row red leather girdle around the waist, knee- breeches and yellow stockings, and clergymen's bands. Originally a blue worsted cap was worn, but nowadays the boys generally go alxiut bare- headed. The original building, nearly destroyed by the great fire of London, 1 titiO, was restored after the designs of Christopher "ren, and this building in turn, having fallen into decay, was replaced in 1825 by ilr. Shaw. The Newgate Street property was in ISS!) ordered sold, and the conierstone of the new institution was laid at Horsham (about 34 miles from London, in Sus- sex) in October, 18!)T. On April 18, 1002, the Blue Coats, assembled on the quadrangle, heard the farewell address of the headmaster. There will be boarding accommodations at Horsham for 700 l>oys and 500 girls, and a total of 2320 children will be educated there, to nearly half of whom both board and training will be free. In the past there have been many distinguished men connected with Christ's Hosiiital, notably Cole- ridge, Lamb, and Leigh Hunt. CHRIST'S THORN. See Jujlbe. CHRISTY. kri>'tl. Howard Chaxdler (1873 ). An American magazine illustrator, born in Morgan County, Ohio. In 1893 he began illustra- tive work for jieriodieals. He became best known for his depictions of society folk in stories of manners. He also executed pastel series for re- production in color, and prepared the drawings for Winston Churchill's The Crisis (1901) and otlicr volumes of fiction. CHROBAK, Kroljak, Rudolf (1843—). An Austrian phvsician, born in Troppau. Silesia. He studied in Vienna, where he became professor of obstetrics and gjnseeolog}' in 1879. His pub- lished writings include important works on anat- omy and pathology, within the domain of his speeialtv. These works form ]iarts of the band- books of Strieker (1809-72) and Pitha-Billroth (1885), and of Nothnagel's Specielle Patlwlogie uiid Thrntpie (1890). CHROMiESTHESIA, kr<)m'6s-the'zl-i. See COIA.'UKI) IIkAIU.NC. CHROMATES. See Chromium. CHROMAT'IC (Fr. chrouiatique. It. croma- iico, Lat. chromaticus, from Gk. x/J<^/"»'''tic6s, chru- viatilcos. relating to color, from xi'"!^, chroma, •color, from xptiff"", c?' rosein, to touch, color, from Xpoi., chro'i, XPO"i. chroiu, skin). In music, a term applied to a series of notes at the interval of a semitone from each other. Such a series is produced by diviiling the whole tones of the diatonic (((.v.) '^cale into semitones, so that with the two diatonic semitones, already in the nat- ural scale, the octave is divided into twelve semi- tones. Ascending chromatic passages are formed by the whole tones of the diatonic scale being raised or elevated by a sharp or a natural, ac- cording to key, and descending passages by their being low'ered" by a flat or a natural, thus : CHROMATICS. See Color. CHRO'MATIN (from Gk. xi"'>l"^t chroma, color). In liinl.igy, a network of fine strands or atrcrregations of sulistance that occurs in the nucleus of tlie cell during its dill'erent phases and has more avidity for staining agents than ordi- nary protoplasm". See CilKOMOSOME; Cell. CHROMAT'OPHORE (from Gk. x/'"Awi, c/iro- 1)10, color -r 06/ixs, iiliorux, i)earing, from ipifmv, phtrciii, to bear). . protoplasmic body in plants (see I'LASTiu), which contains or is capable of forming ])igments. They are of three sorts, cb.loroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts (qq.v.). CHRO'MATROPE (by haplologj' for "chro- matolropc, from Gk. xi"''l^< c7iri5»«i, color + t/jotti}, iropf, turn, from Tpivuv, trcpiin, to turn). . optical toy consisting of a revolving disk, on which are painted certain designs of various colors. Tliese figures are so arranged that when the chromatrope is made to revolve rapidly, streams of beautiful, brilliant colors seem to fiow either to or from the centre of motion, according as the disk is made to rotate in one direction or the opposite. The same prin- ciple is utilized in the chromatrope slitlv, em- ployed in magic-lantern exhibitions. In this, two circular disks of glass are placed face to face, each with a design radiating from the cen- tre, and painted with brilliant transparent colors. By a small pinion gearing in tootlied wlieels or endless bands, the disks are made to move in op- posite directions in tlieir own plane. The ellVct jiroduccd is a beautiful change of design and color. CHRO'MITE (from Gk. XP"!"^' rhrdma, color), or Chromic Iron Ore. The principal source of chromium. It is an iron-black to lirown- ish-black ore containing the sesquioxidcs of chromium and aluminum, protoxide of iron, and some magnesia. Chromite is foiind in Norway, France, Siberia, and New Caledonia, and espe- cially in Asia Minor. It is also found in various localities in the L'nited States: near Baltimore, Md. ; in Chester County, Pa.: and in a numlu'r of jjIuccs in California. Thirty-five hundred and ninety-nine tons, valued at $53,98.5. w^ere produce- duced only 786 tons, valued at .$0607 : sine? tlien none has been reported. CHRO'MITJM (Neo-Lat., from Gk. xt'"l^' chrOiiiii. color). A metallic element discovered b_y Vauquelin in 1797. It does not occur free, biit is found in combination cliielly with iron as chromite. which is the principal ore of chro- mium, as crocoisite, a lead chromate, and as wolchonskoite, a native chrome oclire. Chro- mium is also a frequent constituent of meteoric iron, and the green color of emerald, serpentine, penninite, and other minerals, is due to tliis element. The metal is readily obtained from chromite by separating the iron and reducing the remaining chromic oxide with charcoal by heat- ing in a lime crucible. It may also be prepared by the elect ndysis of a solution of elironious chloride containing chromic chloride. Chromium (symbol, Cr, atomic weight, 52.1) is a grayish-white powder consisting of small lustrous, very hard, brittle rhombohedral crys- tals which have a specific gravity of 5.9 to 6.8, and melt at a higher temperature than plati- num. Owing to its high melting-iioint, the metal