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* CHRISTIAN ART. 703 CHRISTIANIA. bury. IS'.lo-y") : Woltiiiann ami Woermaiin. Oc- svhivhte der llalerei (Leipzig, 1S79) ; Zimmer- iiiann, Qiotto und die Kunst Italiens (Leipzig, 18119). CHRISTIAN BROTHERS COLLEGE. A Konian C'allmlic eilucalional iuslitiition, situated in Saint Louis, ^lo.. fomlucteil liy the Brotlicrs of the Christian Schools ( q.v. ) . The coMejze was char- tered in 185.5, and maintains oollejiiate, scien- tific, commercial, and ])ri'paratory departments. The value of the coUojre buihlinjis and grounds is about $(>.">0,000, and the total annual income is $30,000. The library contains, apjiroximately, 20,000 volumes. The student enrollment in all departments is about 450. CHRISTIAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. A religious denomination organized in ISitO by the Kev. .John .Alexander Dowie, a former minister in Australia, lie came to the Pacific Coast of the United States, and then to Chicago, 111., preacliing and practicing faith-healing, and soon attracted a large following. While the generally received principles of the Christian religion are taught and the sacraments are observed in the Christian Catholic Church, special prominence is given to the doctrine of the divine cure of disease in answer to prayei-, or faith-healing. A united consecration service at the close of the proceedings is a usual feature of their meetings. Baptism is administered to believers by trine immersion. The organization of the Church comprises the general overseer, its chief head (now ilr. Dowie), overseers for the larger dis- tricts, and seventies. Its work is carried on in the three lines, religious, educational, and com- mercial. The chief centre of the denominational organization is at Zion City, near Chicago, where large properties have been acquired and where its institutions and business enterprises are situated. ■Junior schools have been established. The highest school is Zion College. The cornerstone of a wing of an educational building was laid January 6, 1902. An assembly hall is contemplated, .mong the business enterprises at Zion City are: The Zion Printing and i'ublishing House. Zion City Bank. Zion general store, and industries, of which tlie lace industry is planneil on a very large scale. Besides the United States and Canada, the Chris- tian Catholic Church is represented in England, Scotland, Ireland. Australia, New Zealand, China, .Japan, and the South African states. From the first baptism, ilarcli 14, 1897, till the end of 1901, 11,847 baptisms had Ijeen reported, of which 7239 were in Chicago. In 1898 the de- nominations reported three tabernacles, one hun- dred halls and mission schools, and four divine- healing houses. The organs of the denomination are: Leaves of Healing, weekly (Chicago) ; Little White Dove, weekly (Chicago). Consult: .J. A. Dowie, .4 Voice from Zion, four volumes of ad- dresses (Chicago) ; Zion's Conflict irith Methodist Apostasi/ (Chicago, 1901), a treatise against Free Masonry. CHRISTIAN CHURCH, South. See Chris- tians. CHRISTIAN CICERO, ss'^-t6 (translation of Lat. f'irrro Christ in inis). A name given to Lactantius, a Christian apologist of the Fourth Centtiry. CHRISTIAN CONVENTION. See Chris- tians. CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR, Vou.ng People's SociKTV 1)1". .V siHicty originated by the Rev. Fi-aneis E. Clark, pastor of a Congregational church in Portland, ilaine. Its first membership consisted of thirty-five boys and girls, who met, February 2, 1881, in the pastor's parlor, and pledged themselves to attend and take some jarl in a weekly prayer-niccting. and once a month to hold a consecration meeting. Other duties, social, religious, literar', and of various kinds, were assigned to ditferent nu'mlK'rs. The idea met with instant acceptance. It ofi'ered young people in the Church something to do and to employ their energies. At present organizji- tions similar to the first one are found the world over in churches of various denomina- tions; the joint member.ship is about 3.500.000; and the annual cimventions are attended by enormous crowds. These scattered organizations are bound together bv a corporation, the United Society of Christian Endeavor, organized 1885, with headquarters in Boston and managed by a board of trustees. The organ of the society is The Christian Endeavor World. In 1895 the World's Christian Endeavor Union was formed. For details, consult L. W. Bacon and C. A. Xorthrup, Young People's Societies (Xew York, 1900). CHRISTIAN ERA. See Chronology. CHRISTIAN HERO, The. A moral treatise by Richard Steele (q.v.). published, with a dedi- cation to Lord Cutts. by Tonson, in London, in April, 1701. A second and elaborate edition ap- peared in .July of the same year. It purports to be "an argument proving that no principles but those of religion are sufficient to make a great man." CHRISTIANIA, kres'te-ii'ne-A, or KRISTI- ANIA. The capital of Norway, situated at the northern end of Christiania Fiord, in latitude 59° 55' X. and longitude 10° 43' E. (Map: Norway, D 7). It occupies about seven square miles. Chris- tiania is composed of the old. well-built city proper, and of a number of rather uninviting .sub- urbs where the poorer classes live. There are broad streets, and fine, large squares adorned with monu- ments. The promenade of Saint John's Hill is one of the city's attractive features. The historic cita- del of Akershus now serves as an arsenal and prison. The most noteworthy churches are the (Jamie Akers Kirke. mentioned before 1150: the Trinity Church, orected in the Gothic .style in 1853- 58: the Church of Our Saviour, consecrated in 1697 and recently restored ; and the .Johannes Kirke, completed in 1878. The more jirominent secular buildings are the Parliament House, the .^Museum of Art. the exchange, the royal palace, cimstructed in 1825-48. the episcopal residence, and the L'ni- versity. (See Christiania, University of.) The botanical garden and astronomical observatory are worthy of mention. Cliristiania forms a separate olTicial district, and is administered by a magistracy composed of the burgomaster and two councilmen. It has good water-works and several electric car lines. The educational institutions comprise, besides the university, two higher militarv- schools, a gynmasium. a technical school, and a juunber of Latin and 'real' schools. The Museum of Art contains many meritorious paintings by Scandi- navian and forcij.'n artists, but no great master- pieces. The Industrial Art Museum has fine