Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/789

* CHORDATA. 691 CHOKTJS. tlie perforation of the wall of the pharynx, ei- ther in the embryonic or larval condition only, or throughout life, by a system of clefts — the bronchial clefts; and a third is the almost uni- versal presence at all stages, or onljr in the larva, of a cavity or system of cavities, the neiirococle, in the interior of the body, lying above the central nervous system." CHOBEA, kd-re'a (Lat., from Gk. xop^'"- rhoreia, danw), or S.VINT ViTis's Danck. A disease characterized by involuntary and irregu- lar jerky movements of the nuisdes of the face, neck, eliest. arms, hands, legs, feet, back, or abdomen. The movements occur when the per- son is performing voluntarj- motions, or when at rest but awake: they generally cease during sleep. !Most eases occur in neurotic children be- tween the ages of five and fifteen, and are caused by gout, rheumatism, fright, injury, or worr^-. The disease is a little over twice as frequent in boys as in girls. Often the attack begins by drop- ping articles, grimacing, stumbling, or winking. It may last from six weeks to six months, and re- lapses" are frequent. The appetite is variable, and nutrition is impaired, with resulting anae- mia. In about 90 per cent, of the cases fibrinous deposits are found on the walls of the heart. The seat of the trouble is in the brain and spinal cord, but there is no mental change in the patient, except slight emotional excitabil- ity. Chorea is rarely fatal in the United States. In England the mortality reaches 2 per cent. The treatment consists in rest from violent exer- cise and all mental exertion, cold sponging, nourishing food, iron, and arsenic, and a few other drugs, electricity, and change of air. One variety of chorea is hereditary: this is attended with progressive mental deterioration, and ter- minates in dementia. (See Insanity.) It is to be observed that the name Saint Vitus's dance (dance of Saint Veit) was applied originally in Germany to a ditlerent form of disease from that above referred to — one closely approaching in its characters the epidemic 'dancing mania.' which in Italy was called tarantism (q.v. ). Consult Church and Peterson. .YerroHs and Mental Dis- eases (Philadelphia. lOOli. CHOEE'A SCRIPTO'RUM:, or Writeb's Ckamp. .Sii- Xeiro-sis. CHOREE, ku-re'. The same as trochee (q.v.). CHOREPISCOPUS, ko'rf-pls'ko-pfis (Lat., from Gk. xP"''""'<">^- chorepishopos, from xtipa. chora. place + ^Trtoitoiros, episkopos, overseer, bishop). . order of ministers of ancient ori- gin, whose functions were to assist city bishops in rural districts or remote places. They acted in a subordinate capacity, and possessed limited powers, acting as colleagues or vicars of the bishops. They possessed the privilege of attend- ing councils in their own right, and not merely as substitutes for bishops. At first they were confined to the Eastern Church, but began to multiply in the Western Church in the Fifth Century. They were succeeded after the Tenth Centuri- by archdeacons, vicars - general, and rural deans. In the East the order continued to exist until the Ninth Century, when it was super-eded by the exarchs. CHORIAMBTJS, kn'rI-am'bQs. See Vehsifi- CATIOV. CHORLEY, chr.r'lr. A market and manufac- turing town of Lancashire, England, on the Leeds-Liverpool Canal, about 25 miles northeast of Liverpool (Map: England, D 3). It is a thoroughly progressive municipality. Since tho incorporation, in 1881, it has obtained control of its gas-supply, and it maintains markets, slaughter-houses, and cemeteries. Its water is supplied by the Liverpool municipality. The ancient Norman parish church is worthy of no- tice. The manufacture of cottons, muslins, and calicoes constitutes the principal industry. Rail- way-cars are also made. In the neighborhood are stone-quarries and collieries. Population, in lOOl, 26,900. CHORLEY, Henry Fothekgiix (1808-72). . English author and critic. He was on the staff of the London Aihcnwum from 1833 to 1868. During most of that time his literary re- views, especially in belles-lettres, were numer- ous and important, and the entire direction of the musical department was in his hands. He wrote many librettos, and several novels, dramas, and poems, but was more successful as a critic and biogiapher. Among works separately pub- lished were: Memorials of Mrs. Hemans (1836) ; Mnsic and Manners in France and Germany (3 vols., 1841) ; Modern German Music (1854) ; and Thirty Tears' Musical Recollections (1862). His imfinished autobiography formed the basis of the Autobiography, Memoir, and Letters, edited by Hewlett (London, 1873). CHOROGI, ko'ro-gi. See Stacuys. CHOROID (kO'roid) COAT. See Eye. CHORON, shd'roN', Aij:xandre Etienni: (1772-1834). A French writer on music. He was born at Caen, studied with Roze and Bonesi, and is said to have accumulated more informa- tion on the theory and practice of music than any French musician before him. As correspond- ing member of the Academy (1811), he under- took the reorganization of the mnitrises, or train- ing-schools for church choirs, and was successive- ly appointed conductor of religious festivals and director of the Grand Opera (1816). In 1816 he reopened the Conservatoire, which had been closed in the previous year, under the name of the Ecole Royale de Chant et de Declamation. In 1817 his appointment to the directorship of the Op#ra was suddenly revoked, and he established the famous Conservatoire de Musiiiue Classique et Religieuse, which existed until 1830, and greatly promoted the musical instruction of the masses. Choron was a pedagogue of pronounced genius, who opened a new field to French musicians. His numerous works include: Principes d'ac- compagnement des icoles d'ltalie (1804) ; Intro- duction d Vdtude gin&rale et raisonnie de la musique, a capital work, though unfortunately unfinished; Mcthode de plain-chant (1818) ; Ma- nuel complet de musique voeale et instrumenlalc, etc. (1836.38). CHORRILIiOS, ch6-re'ly6s. A bathing resort of Peru, situated on the Bay of Chorrillos, 7 miles south of Lima (Map: Peru. B 6). The town is a favorite summering jjlace for the in- habitants of Lima. Population, .5000. It was the scene of a Peruvian defeat at the hands of the Chileans. .lanuary 13, 1881. CHORUS, kO'riis (Lat., from Gk. xopAf. choros, daiuc. chorus; connected with x^pro^, chortos, inclosure, Lat. hortus. garden. Olr. gort. crop, Ger. Garten, garden, Engl. yard). Among the