Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/732

* CHIMPANZEE. 630 CHINCH-BUG. The structural resemblance to the gorilla has been noted; but the head is rounder, and the face lacks the great ridges above the eyes and niassive jaws of that animal, and tlie canines are smaller, while the lips are more extensile and mol)ile. and the whole expression milder; tlie ears are very large and the nose insignilicant. The naked skin of the face is yellowish, darken- ing with age, but that of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet much darker: and gray hairs often become conspicuous about the mouth and chin. The body is covered everywhere else with shining black hair, most abundant on the head and shoulders, where it hangs long and lliick. Jlucb has been written as to these aninials, especially in the works of Savage. Du t'haillu. Livingstone. Schweinfurth, and other explorers of western and central Africa ; also in regard to chimpanzees in captivity. A good general ac- count is contained in Cussell's Natural Uiston/. Vol. I. (London. 1883) ; and a more scienlilic one in Hartmann's Anlhrupoid Apes (New York. 1886). where a full account is given of 'Mafuka.' the supposed hybrid between gorilla and chim- panzee, long resident in Dresden. A famous edu- cated captive. 'Sally.' lived for eight years in the London Zoological Gardens, and was the sub- ject of psychological training and experiment, described by Romanes in the Proceedings of the Zoolopieal 'Soviet II of London (1889): and the history and exploits of another celebrated chim- panzee, '.Joanna.' are recorded in the same Pro- cecdinqs (1899, p. i^d, et seq.). See (^ORILI^V and Okang-utan; and Plate of Anthropoid Apes. CHI'NA. See Chinese Empire. CHINA, and CHINAWARE. See Pottery. CHINA BARK. Sec (ixciiONA. CHINA CINNAMON. See Cassia. CHINA CLAY. Sec Clay: Kaolt.v. CHINA GRASS, or CHINESE GRASS. The popular name of a fibre used in China for the manufacture of a beautiful fabric 'known as grass- cloth. The name appears to have originated in the belief that the fibre was that of a grass ; but this fs not the case, it being obtained from linlt- meria nivea (q.v.). a plant allied to the nettle. Grass-cloth is now brought in considerable quan- tity to stores, especially in the form of hand- kerchiefs and other textiles. It has a fine glossy appearance and a peculiar transparency. See BcF.iiMERiA; Ramus. CHINA INK. Another name for India ink (q.v.). CHINANDEGA, che'nan-dii'ga. A town of Nicaragua sit>uited ih miles northwest of Leon, and connected with the Pacific coast by railroad (Map: Central America, D 4). It is the cap- ital of a department of the same name, is the centre of a corn district, and has considerable trade. Poiiulation. 12.000. CHINA SEA, or South Sea. A partially inclosed sea, lying oflT the southeastern coast of Asia (Map: Asia, L 7). It is bounded by China and Formosa on the north, where it connects by the Strait of Formosa with the Eastern Sea: by French IndoChina. Siam. and the Malay Penin- ixa. on the west : and by the i-^Iand loop of Bor- neo and the Philiiqiines on the south and east. On its western border are the indentations occu- pied by the Gulf of Siam and the Gulf of Tong- king, the latter being partly shut of! by the island of Hainan. The sea increases in depth from south to north; soundings of more than Li.UOO feet have been made oil Luzon, but much of the southern portion has a depth of less than 1000 feet. Typhoons of great violence endanger navigation during certain seasons. The chief ports on the China Sea, or close to it, are Ma- nila. Singapore, Bangkok, Sjiigon, Canton, and Hong Kong. The largest rivers draining into it are the ilekong. Menani, and the Si-kiang, or West Kiver. Willi the exception of Hainan, there are no large islands. CHINA TREE, Pride of India, or Pf.rsian Lilac (ilclia azeihirach). A handsome tree, a native of India and Persia, and the type of the natural order Meliacea". The tree is widely dis- tributed throughout the warmer portions of the globe. It grows to a height of 30 or 40 feet, and has bright-green com])ound leaves and fra- grant lilac flowers. It resists drought and is highly thought of as a shade-tree in regions adapted to its requirements. It will withstand considerable cold, but cannot be recommended for regions where freezes are frequent. The abundant lilac-colored flowers appear early in the spring, and the leaves are retained late into autumn, followed by the attractive clusters of berries, making the tree attractive at all seasons of the y^ar. The wood is rather coarse, but dur- able and handsomely marked, making it valuable for cabinet use. The leaves, flowers, and berries are reputed to have medicinal (iroperties, al- though not ri'cognizcd in siime pharmacopoeias. In Australia the tree is known as white cedar, and its uses are numerous. A number of forms of China trees are common in cultivation, one of the most handsome being that known as the Texa.s umbrella-tree. Its spreiuling habit and dense foliage make it one of the most desirable shade-trees known. CHINA WAX. The secretion of an insect (Coccus) which lives on the ash-trees of China. See Wax. CHINCHA ISLANDS, 8p. pron. chen'cha. A group of three small islands in the Pacific, near latitude 13° 40' S. and longitude 7° 30' V., 12 miles from the coast of Peru (Map: Peru, B (i) . The area of the entire group is only about 4000 acres. The surface is rocky and devoid of vegetation. The islands were of some importance formerly, due to immense guano deposits which began to be exported by the Government in 1840. and were exhausted by 1874. CHINCH-BUG (from Sp., Port, chinchc. It. cimicc, from Lat. cimex, bug, and Engl. 61(3). A small blackish bug {Blissus leuroptcru>i) . with white wing-covers m;irked with a G-shaped dark line. It belongs to the Lygieidie. one of the most extensive and injurious families of plant-bugs, of which some 175 species belong to North .Amer- ica. The chineli-bug is spread all over the United States and throughout Central America and the West Indies; and is the most destructive bug. and probably the most ilestructive insect in the country, especially in the Mississippi Valley. It appears in incalculable numbers in dry seasons, and the Department of .Agriculture places the average annual damage at .$20,000,000. The adults live through the winter in old grass and