Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/728

* CHIM^KA. 632 CHIMES. (q.v.) with the aid of Pegasus. According to Homer, the chiiiutra was a fire-brcathiiig uioii- stor with llic head of a lion, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail. The rationalistic account of the chimoera is that it represented a volcanic mountain in I-yeia whose top was the resort of lions, its middle of goats, and the marshy ground at the Ixittom of serpents. In the same maimei-, IJcUeroplion's victory over the chimiera is ex- plained by saying that he first made his resi- dence on this mountain. The chima^-a alone and in conlliet with Belleroi)hon is not uncomnum in ancient art. The finest representation is the large bronze in Florence. Cliiniipra is used fig- uratively to denote any monstrous or impossible conception, the vuniatural birth of the fancy. It is frequently depicted on shields, as an heraldic charge. Kor illustration, see Plate of Dipnoi AND ClllM.EKA. CHIM.ffiRA. A representative of a family (CliinKcrichc) of strange cartilaginous fishes (q.v.) constituting the Holocephali. They are shark-like, an'd very interesting to the ichthy- ologist in their structure, wliidi shows their strong atlinity to ancient types of which they are the scant survivors, but have nothing but their grotesqueiiess to attract popular interest, as their tiesli is not good. The large eggs, fertilized inter- nally, are surroimded by a horny case which, in some species, may be 10 inches long. There are three living genera — Cliimaua, Callorhynchus, and TIarriotta. Chima-ra is found along the coasts of Europe and .Japan, on the west coast of North America and at the Cape of Good Hoi)e. Cliimcera monstrofd, of the ^Mediterranean and Atlantic, is its largest and best-known species and may reach a length of three feet; in Kurope it is called 'king of the herrings;' in America, chi- ma'ra, rat-fish, sea-cat, etc. Callorhynchus oc- curs in the south temperate zone, and ITarriotta is confined to the deep seas. See Plate of Dipnoi AND Ciiiji.t:ra. Fossil, I'oii.MS. The genus Chiniiera is found in a fossil state in the Tertiary de])osits from the Miocene upward, ilany related but extinct genera are known from the Devonian n]nard. The chima'roids reached their maximum of evo- lution in the Cretaceous and Kocene, and many of the extinct species were much larger than any now living. The strong cutting teeth of Rhyn- chodus and Ptyctodus described from the lower Devonian of North America and Knssia are the only remains of the earliest members of the group, of which no other traces have been found. In the LiasSic of England sl)ccimens of Myria- canthus have been found so well preserved lis to show the form of the cartilaginous snout, which resembles that of the modern genus Callorhyn- chus. Teeth and dorsal spines of chima>roids are common in the ilesozoie and Tertiary rocks. One genus. Ischyodus, of which a perfect skeleton was found in the lithographic limestones of the ■Solcnhofcn Jurassic, has also been found in the Cretaceous of New Zealand and the Eocene of North America, indicating that this genus en- joyed in those early days a very wide distribu- tion. See Squalokaja. CHIMANGO, shi'-miin'gd. A widespread and f:niiiliar cariionbawk {Ibijcter chinianflo) of the ]ibiiiis regions of South America, black, with the under parts brownish ochre in the adult. For af- finities and habits, see Caracara, and the books there mentioned. CHIMAPHILA, ki-mrif'i-la. See Winter- r.ui:i:N. CHIMAY, she'ma', .Jeanne Marie Igxace Tiii;Ki;sE HE Cahakkis, Princess de ( 1773-18;J5). She was the daughter of the Comte de Cabarrus, •Minister of Finance in Spain; was early married to the Marquis de Fontenay, but soon divorced from him, and ne.xt married Tallien, the French revolutionist, whom .she induced to engage in a plot for the overthrow of Robespierre, thus be- coming the chief promoter of the Rev(dution of .Inly. 17!)4. Her social triumphs, consequent from her beauty iind her free manners, gave her hus- band oll'ense, and he left her, going with Na- turn, and .leanne married, in 1805, the Comte de Caraman, who afterwards became the Prince ile Chimay, with whom she lived peaceably. While ranking first among the beauties of the time, she was never adinitti'd to Court circles. CHIM'BORA'ZO, .So. Amer. pron. chem'bft- rii's6 (native name. Cltiqiiijioya). A volcanic peak, one of the highest of the Andes, in Ecua- dor, rising 2O.")00 feet above the sea. but only about 11,000 feet above the level of its own table- land of uito (.Map: Ecuador, B 4). Its lati- tude and longitude are 1° 20' S. and 79° V. The mountain has no crater, is built up of tra- chytic volcanic rocks, and is evidently an extinct volcanic peak. It is capped with perpetual snow, and was long regarded as the loftiest mountain in the world. TJie summit was for the first time reached by Whyinper in 1880. Humboldt, Bous- singault, jlall. and Stiihel all made ineffectual at- tempts to reach its top. CHIMBOTE, chem-bd'tA. A seaport in the Department of Ancachs, Peru, situated on the Puerto Ferrol (Map: Peru, B 5). It has an active trade, and is the terminus of the railroad from Iluaraz. whose port it is. CHIMENE, she'miin'. The scrupulous ami nicely introspective heroine of Corneille's Le Cid. ' She refuses Rodrigo because he slew her father lo save his own father's honor, and, in spite of her passion for him, seeks in every way his death. CHIMENTI, ki-man'tJ', Jacopo di. See Cle- JIENTI. .TaiDI'O m, DA EMPOLI. CHIMERE, shi-mer'. See Costujie, Eccle- SIASTK'AT.. CHIMES (from AS. cimbal, cimhala. from Lat. ciiiiihdUim, from Gk. KiiJ.paov, Ici/nihiilon, eymbai, from Ki/i-hc, ki/iiihus, Skt. kiimhhu, jar). Alusic played on a set of bells in a church- tower, either by a performer or by mechanism. This ancient and interesting class of music is believed to have originated in some of the Ger- man monasteries. In the Fifteenth Century the ringing of church chimes became very general in North Germany. Holland, and Belgium ; the last- mentioned I'ounlry was especially famed for its bell-ringing, retaining this prestige for three suc- ceeding centuries. Bell-ringing has always reached its greatest popularity in Hat countries, where fhe sound of the bells can Varrj'' over a great distance. In England, where it is often called 'change-ringing,' this custom has also found great favor, and may be said to be one of the national institutions. A chime of bells may
 * )oleon to Egypt. A divorce followed on his re-