Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/72

* CALLISTHENES. 50 CALMET. CALLISTHENES (Gk. KaXXifftf^rjjs, Kallis- thcnCs) (c. 31)0-328 B.C.). A (ireok liisloriaii. born at Olynthus. He yas a relative of Aristotle, by whom he was educated, in company with Alex- ander the Great. He lived for the greater part of his life at Athens, and devoted himself to the study of history. Having atcompanied Alexan- der to the East, he incurred the latter's dis- pleasure, and was put to death (B.C. 32S), on a charge of treason. Callisthenes wrote several historical works, only fragments of which have come down to us. The work on Alexander ascribed to him is a composition of a much later date. CALLIS'TO (Gk. KaWiard, I<<tlUf:tO). xVn Arcadian maiden, attendant upon Artemis, whose story was told ith many variations by the Greek poets. Zeus won her love, but Arte- mis, discovering her condition while she was bathing, either transformed her into a bear or shot her. Her unborn child. Areas, was saved by Hermes, at tlie command of Zeus, and gave his name to the Arcadians. The Alexandrian poet Callimachus seems to have been the first to tell how Zeus placed Callisto among the stars as the constellation of the Bear. CALLIS'TRATtrS (Gk. KoXXfo-Tparos. Kal- lisiratos). A famous Athenian orator, l)orn at Aphidna;. Wlien .thens, in n.c. 377, luulertook to form a new Athenian League, he took an ac- tive part in the movement. In B.C. 371 he ac- companied the Athenian envoys to Sparta, where he urged the cause of peace. In B.C. 32 or 3(>1 he was condemned to death, proliably chiefly in consequence of disasters whicl had befallen the Athenians at Oropus. He went into exile at Methone, on the Thermaic Gulf, but later returned to Athens and was put to death. Callistratus was the most famous orator of his time, and his harangue on the matter of Oropus is said to have produced a profound impression on Demosthenes, who, as a boy, was ])resent at its delivery. CALL OF THE HOUSE. In Great Britain -a Parlianiontaiy proceeding pursued as late as 1838, for the purpose of insuring a full attend- ance of either House on occasions of extraor- dinary importance. It was the custom to give notice in advami^ that such a call 'would be made, and on the appointed day all members, under i)ain of incurring the displeasiire of the House, were expected to answer to their names as the roll was read off by counties and bor- oughs. In the United Stales a call of the House is moved by the opponent of a measure which is about to be passed, for tb.e purpose of showing that a i|Uornm is not present. CALLOSITIES. See CoR.s. CALLOT, ka'Io', J.^cqves (1592-1035). A I'renirh designer and engraver, born in Nancy. The family o])])osition to his pursuing the study of art only served as an incentive to his and)i- tion, and after he had twice run away in order to study, and had been igiiominiously brought home, he was at last permitted to go to Rome. He rose rapidly to prominence in his profession. The war scenes enacted in France at this time were portrayed by liim with great vigor and freshness, in a series of pictures called ■■.lisi">re3 et Malbeurs de la Guerre." His reputation, however, rests on his etchings of genre i)ic- tures, which he treated with great originality, life, and humor. His observation was vivid and his inventive genius, with his other artistic cpialities, made him prei^minent in his line of work. He felt a dissatisfaction with his own productions which made him painstaking to a degree, and impelled him to draw and draw again the subject iinder consideration. He died .March Hi, 103.5. He left about 1500 prints. A com])letc list of his works is given in il. Heine- ken's Dtrtioiutairc dcs ortislt-s. CALL TO THE TJNCONVEBTED, The. See Baxter, RiciiiVBD. CALLU'NA. See He.th. CAL'LUS (Lat. callum, callus, hardened skin, hard llesh I. A term in surgt'ry for the sub- stance that forms between the ends of broken bones during the process of repair, to hold the fragments together. It consists of new or em- bryonic tissue, and a large part of it is absorbed after union is complete. When the ends of the broken bones are closely approximated there is only a small bridge of callus formed between them. When the ends of the broken bones move very freely upon one another and separate wide- ly, a large cuff or flange of callus forms, encir- cling and immobilizing them as a splint would. Such an ensheathing mass of callus is sometimes luiown as a Icmpornry or provisional vaUus, to distinguish it fi-om that portion which lies di- rectly between the ai)posed fragments of bone, and which in lime becomes replaced by true bony tis- sue. hen the amount of callus thrown out is excessive, permanent injurj- may result to ad- jacent structures if subsecpient absorption is only partial. Nerves and tendons may i>e in- cluded in the callus, or a joint may be invaded and rendered useless. Surgical operation is sometimes necessary to remove this excess of cal- lus and restore the parts to their normal condi- tion. In plants, callus is a tissue usually formed in consequence of injury to woody or herbaceous stems. See Anatomy of Plants. CALMAR, kal'miir. See Kalmar. CALMET, kal'miV, AuGrsTiN (1672-1757). A French Benedictine, and exegetical and histor- ical writer. He was born at ilcsnil-la-llcugne, near Couim<Tcy, February 20, 1072, and in 108!) entered the Order of Hencdiclines. In 10!)S he was appointed teacher of pliilosophy and the- ology in the abbey !Moyen-Moutier ; in 1704, sub- (irior of a convent of learned monks at iliinsler, in .lsace: and in 1700 he went to Paris, to su- perintend the ])ublieation of his Commentary on, ihc llihlc. He was afterwards appointed prior at Lay (1715), abbot of Saint Leopold in Nancy (171S), abbot of Senimes in Lorraine ( 172S).and died in Paris, October 25. 1757. His exegetical writings have been connnended and sUidied with advantage by both Roman Catholics and Protest- ants. The Commentary on the liible (23 vols., I"aris, 1707-10), th(nigh marred by the author's deficient knowledge of the Oriental langimges. eon- tains valuable researches in biblical antiquities. Calmet's Historical and Critical Dictionary of the liihie (4 vols., Paris, 1722-28) was trans- lated into F.nglish, German, and other languages, and has passed through many editions. His other works — a History of the llihlc, and of the Jeirs (1718), and a Universal History (173571) — are mere compilations; but his History of Lor- I