Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/712

* CHIETI. 618 CHIGOE. CHIETI, kyn'tf. An arcliicpisoopal city in south Italy, capital of the Provincp of Chieti, 99 miles south of Ancona. near the Pescaia, on a hill from which is a splendid view, extending to the Adriatic, eight miles away (Map: Italy, ■J 5). It has nine churches besides the magiiili- cent Gothic cathedral, a gymnasium, a normal school, a technical school, a scniinarv. a theatre, four conservatories of music, a military hosjii- tal. and a clianilier of commerce. It is an im- portant centre of trade, markets wine, oil, grain, and silk, and manufactures silk and wool. There are a few remains of the ancient Teate Marrucino- rum, which w'as the most imiiortaiil city of the Sabelli, and fell into the hands of the Itomans li.C. 305, in the last Saninite War. If was held successively by the Goths and by the Lombards, and was destroyed by Pepin the Short. It was rebuilt by the Normans.' who made it the capital of the -Vbruzzi. From, it the order of the Thea- fines. founded in 15.55 bv Paul IV.. was named. Population, in 1881 (eonimune), 22,000; in 1901, 26,000. CHIFFCHAFF (imitation of its cry). A small European warbler {I'lii^lloiicoiiua coth/- bita), having a twittering note suggesting the name; also called 'willow wren' in Great Britain, where it is common about gardens during sum- mer. CHIFFINCH, Master Thomas. A drunken sycopliant and pander to King Cliarles in Scott's Peveril of the I'enk. CHI-FU or CHEEFOO, che'foo'. A city in the Province of Slian-tung. China, so called by foreigners, though the Chinese name is Yen-tai, and Clii-fu proper is on the opposite side of the harbor. Chi-fu is in latitude .37° .32' X. and longitude 121° 25' E. Opened to foreign trade in 1862. the town has a native population of 32,876, with 400 foreigners living in a (piarter clean, well kept, and well lighted. The natives are very orderly and civil. The climate is .so bracing that in summer Chi-fu, with its good hotels and boarding-houses, is a nuich visited sanitarium, being but two days' jouniey from Shanghai. The ■winter is severe, the spring lovely and cool, the summer hot and rainy, and the autunm perfect, ■with warm days, cool winds, and cold nights. Summer amusements are varied, and there is a good club. Since the Chino-.Iapanese War. Chi- fu has become a coaling station much resorted to by the navies of foreign countries, (^hi-fu was the seat of the famous convention of 1876 be- tween Sir Tbonuis Wade and l.i Hung Chang. The trade is largely in bean cake and beans, ex- ported mainly to the southern jxirts of China. Silk, straw braid, and vermicelli are the other chief exports. The planting of grapes and the making of wine is a promising industry'. Gold- mines 20 leagues away are worked by native capital. The net value of the trade for 1808 was 26.2.38.774 taels. The total tonnage of shipping in 1897 was 2,385,301, of which 1,327,559 was Uritish. CHIGI (ke'.j6) FAMILY. An eminent Ital- ian family. .Agostino Ciiroi. its founder, was a celebrated banker, born at Siena about the year 1405. Established in Rome as early as 1485. Chigi grew immensely wealthy through banking and the possession of valuable alum- mines. His income was estimated at 70,000 golden ducats a year (about .$700,000). He was one of the great art patrons of the day, and Peruzzi, Perugino. Sebastiano del Piombo, and, above all, Raphael, owed nuich to his gen- erosity and friendship. Peruzzi built for him the famous Villa Parnese, which Raphael and Sodoma decorated with frescoes. He died in ]?ome in 1520. There is a good biography of him in Italian by Cugnoni, A<]o.iliiio Chiiji, il iiiagnifico (Rome. 1881-83). Consult also Gre- gorovius. Gesc)n<-hfc ilcr ,Slad.. 8 vols., Stuttgart, 1886-96; English translation, 7 vols., London, 1894-1900).— CniGi, Eabio. See Alexander VIL, Pope, 1655-67. — Cuigi, Fla- vio, cardinal, born in 1810, was, up to the year 1848, an oflicer in the Papal noble guard. He then took orders, and became Bishop of Jlira 1)1 ixirtibiis. In 1856 he represented the Papacy at the coronation of Alexander IL, Czar of Russia, and from 1861 to 1873 be was the Papal nuncio in Paris. In the la.st-named year he was created a cardinal. Chigi was distinguished for his finesse and courtesy of bearing in all diplo- matic business. He died in Rome. February 15, 1885. — His nephew, Don Mario Ciiini, Prince of Chigi-Albani, who was born in 1832, is a mar- shal of the Roman Church and the present head of the family. CHIGNECTO (shlg-nek'ti'>) BAY. The northern extension of the Bay of Fundy. partly separating Xova Scotia from New Hrunswick (Map: Nova Scotia, E 4). The main portion of the bay is about 30 miles long and aver- ages 8 to 10 miles in width: but in its northern part it separates into two narrow anus, one ex- tending northward about 12 miles, and the other about the same distance to the northeast. Nu- merous towns border the bay and its extensions, and it receives several tributiiry streams. See also Fi'NDY, Bay of. CHIGNON, shin'yon, Fr. pron. slie'nyox'. See llAiK-i)iii:s.siNG. CHIGOE, cbig'6. CHIGGEB, ehig'ger, or JIG'GER ( (if West Indian or South .Vmerican origin). (1) A species of lle.a (l^drcopKi/lla penetrans). rather smaller than the conunon Hea, and with less powerful limbs, found in the West Indies and South America, where it is excessively troublesome, attacking any ex])oscd part of the human body, and elffcting a lodgment between the skin and the Uesh, often mulcr the skin of the foot or the nails of the toes. At first its presence is indicated only by a slight itching or tingling; but an ulceration due to the de- velopment of a mass of eggs is likely soon to be the result, which is not only very painful, but <'ven dangerous. .Another species {Sdrcopsylla <liil!iiiin-ea) attacks the eyelids of poultry. (2) In the southern United States, the name is applied to the minute scarlet forms of vari- ous mites which attach themselves to the skin of man and other vertebrates, or even burrow into it; they seek those parts of the body par- ticularly ujion which the clothing presses tightly. Their bite is very annoying, though not fatal to man ; but they may collect in such numbers under the wings of newly hatched chicks as to cause death. Salt-water bathing alleviates the burning of their bites on man, and on such animals as chicks salted lard or the drijipings of salted bacon soon give relief when smeared on the infested surfaces. During the Civil War the soldiers often kept a piece of bacon with