Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/709

* CHICKAHOMINY. 615 CHICKASAW. the battles of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks, Me- cluuiicsville, Gaines's Jlill or Cold Harbor, Savage's Station. Frazier's l'"ann. Malvern Hill, und the second battle of Cold Harbor (qq.v.). The first of these enf'a;,'enients was fiiu;,'lit mi -May .■?! and June I. lSti2. The battle of .Meehanics- ville took plaee on .June 2ti, 18t)2, and the last of the seven days' battles, that of Jlalveni IHll, on .Inly I. The second battle of Cold Harbor was fou<;ht on June 3, 1864. See Seven Days' ]i.TTLEs. The. CHICK AMAU'GA. A creek in the extreme iiorthwisti-ni |ian of Ceorfnia and in southern Tennessee. It is a tributary of the Tennessee River, into which it empties a few miles above Chattaiiooira. It is famous on account of the battle of Chiekamaufia. CHICKAMAUGA, Battle ok! One of the most hotly icintcsti><l battles of the Civil War, sonu'tiiiie-i called 'the Creat lialtle of the West.' It was fouirht September 1!) and 20. 18(!:i, near Chiekamaiijia Creek, about 12 miles east of Chat- tanoofra, Tenn.. between a Federal army of 55,000, under General Rosecrans (q.v.), and a Confederate army of 70,000, under General Bragg (q.v.). Manoeuvred out of Chattanooga (Septenilier S) by the brilliant strategy' of Rose- crans. Bragg had started in apparent retreat toward the south, and had been followed by Rose- crans, whose troojis. forced to cross the moun- tains at widely separated point,s, were scattered over a great extent of territory. Soon perceiv- ing that the Confederate retreat 'was only ap- parent, and fearing an attack in detail. Rose- crans rapidly concentrated his forces, and, by shifting Thomas to the extreme left (September 18), thwarted an attempt by Bragg to attain his rear and shut him off from Chattanooga. At 9 A.M. on the lOtli the battle began with a fierce attack by the Confederate right, under General Polk, on the Federal left : but Thomas held his ground, and the day ended without decisive ad- vantage to either side. The fighting w'as re- newed early on the 20th, and was proceeding with varying fortune, when, in pursu- ance of a misin- terpreted order from Rosecrans. a division was with- drawn from the Federal right. This made a gap in the line of battle t h r o u gli which I^ongstreet. c o m - manding the Con- federate left, jioured his troops, soon routing the l''ederal right and centre (under Mc- Cook and Critten- den respectively), and driving them in wild (liscinlcr back toward Chattanooga. The whole Confederate army was now massed against the Fcdi'ral left ; hut Thomas stood firm against tremendous odds throughout the day. gallantly repulsing attack after attack, and inflicting great damage on the <;hh;ka.iaC(,. enemy. His remarkable courage and skillful generalship alone saved the whole Federal army from meeting with an overwhelming defeat, and earned for him the title of 'The Koek of Cliicka- mauga.' During the night, under orders from Rosecrans, he retired to Kossville. and on the 21st withdrew liehind the fortifications of Chat- tanooga. The Federal army lost lti.179 in killed, wounded, and missing; the Confinlerate, about 1T.8U. Though the battle was won by Bragg, Chattanooga, the prize for which it was fought, remained in the possession of Rosecrans. Con- sult: O/ficial ltcord», Vol. XXX. (Washing- ton) ; Cist, The .Xnn;/ of the V umherland (New York, 1882) ; and Johnson and Bud (editors), lidllha iind jA'iiflei:<< of tlir Vitil ^'a>■ (4 vols.. New York. 1887). CHICKAMAUGA NATIONAL MILI- TARY PAKK. A park in (ieorgia, situated on the site of the battle of Chickamaiiga, a few niil3s southeast of Chattanooga, Tenn., near the Tennessee and (icorgia line. It was established under the authority of Congress, with the co- operation of those two States, The legal bounda- ries embrace a compact area of 15 square miles, which cover the main scene of the battle; but there have also been secured several small neigh- boring tracts which are the sites of events of special military interest. It is the object, so far as possible, to iireserve the conditions as they existed at the time of the battle, and in order to make clear the positions and movements of the troops engaged, monuments, historical tablets, and other guide marks have been set up at the proper points. Several lofty observation towers have been erected, which command a view of the battlefield. A large part of the park is forest land, but a considerable portion has been cleared of underbrush and small timber, in order to permit free access and unobstructed views. In addition to acquiring these lands, the Federal Government has obtained a concession of many miles of approaching roadways which have been beautified. Congress appropriated $725,000 for this work, and the States have given .1i400,000 additional. The park was dedicated September 10-21, 1805. It is the first time that a battlefield has been so completely marked and set aside as a monument of the event which happene<l within its boundary. CHICK'AREE (imitation of its cry), or H.vf'KEE. Old book names of the North American led squirrel. Sec SQUIIiMCL. CHICK'ASA'W. An important jVIuskhogean tribe fomierly occupyiivg northern Mississippi and the adjacent part of Tennessee, and now settled in the western part of the Indian Terri- tory with an autonomous government, under the name of the 'Chickasaw- Nation.' They were a restless and warlike people, and throughout the colonial period adhered to tlu' English side as against the French, who tried repeatedly, but witlKiiit success, to subdue them. From the (dose of the Revolution they have generally main- tained frien<lly relations with the Cnited States. In lS.'i2 they sold all their remaining lands east of the Mississippi, and agreed to remove to their jiresent location. They joined the Confederacy during the Civil War. and at its close were obliged to free their slaves and admit them to equal Chickasaw citizenship. Those of pure and