Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/688

* CHEYNE. 604 CHIAROSCURO. (1S87) ; Jeremiah, His Life and Times (1888) ; The Hallowing of Crilici^im (1888) : The Origin vnd Religious Contents of the Psalter (Baiiipion lectures, lSi)l ) ; Aids to the Derout iititdy of Critieism (1892); Founders of Old Testament Criticism (1894); Introduction to the Book of Isaiah (1895) ; The Christian Use of the Psalms (1899); ./fi'-is/i Iteligious Life After the Exile (1898). With J. S. Blaek lie edits the Encyclo- pedia Hiblica (1899 seqq.). CHEZY, sha'zt''', Antotxe LiiO.VAKD de (1773- 1832). A French Orientalist, born at Neuilly. He was the son of Antoine CliOzy. a well-known enjrinecr. After studyiuf; for a while at the Ecole Polyteehnique, he entered the Bibliolh&que Xationale as librarian, in the department of n.anuscripts, and published a translation of Djanii's poem, Lcs amours de Medjnoun et Leila (1807). Besides his study of Persian, he de- voted himself to Sanskrit, and a chair of that lan- guafre was created for him at the Coll&ge de France (1S14). Among his works are an analy- sis of the Meghadula of Kalidasa (1817); La mort de Yudjnadatta (1820) ; 1m reconnaissance de fiakountala (1830); and some fragments of Arabic, L'anlhologie frotiquc d'Amarou (1831). CHHATISGARH, chfit'es-fiar'. A division of the Central Provinces, British India (q.v.), comprising the districts of Raipiir. Bilaspur, and Sambalpur. and several small feudatory States. Area, 25.0i;i square miles. Population, in 1891, 3.545,000; in 1901, 3,284,100. CHIABRERA, kyii-bra'ra. Gabriei.lo (1552- 1037). An Italian poet, sometimes called the Italian Pindar. lie was born at Savona. June 8, 1552. A posthunKms child, he was educated tmder his uncle's care in Kome, wlicre he after- wards lived many years; but having taken ven- geance for an injury done him by an Italian nobleman, he retired to his birthplace, where he married at the age of fifty, and where he spent the rest of his life in independence and the tranquil enjoyment of literary pursuits. He died October 14, 1637. Chiabrera's poetical fac- ulty developed late. He conceived a great ad- miration for Pindar and Anacreon. both of whom he strove to imitate, and successfully, as his contemporaries thought. Later poets and critics, such as Monti, I^eopardi, and De Sanctis, are far from unanimous in their judgment of his verse, in which merit of fonn does not make up for paucity of ideas. His poems include .several attempts at epics modeled on the .Eneid; odes, canzoni, and eanzonetti, the last being jjraised for their ease and elegance. The latest edition of his works was published in Milan (1807-08). CHIAJA, kyii'ya, La (dialectic form of It. ')iia~::a, place. ]iark). . fashionable boulevard in modern aplcs, extending along the coast for about a mile from the Largo Vittoria. Upon it is the Villa Nazionale. CHIANA, kyji'na. A river, the ancient Clanis. in central Italy, which once belonged en- tirely to the Tiber system. During the early Jliddle Ages, however, the mountain streams, with their deposits, converted the level, fertile valley into a swamp (which Dante spoke of as an accursed sink). Xow, as the result of the drainage system planned by Torricelli and Vi- viani and fully carried out at the beginning of the last eentiiry by Count Fossombroni. the valley is one of the most fruitful districts in Italv. A water-shed is formed which sends the Chiana Tos- cana, or Maestro Canal, north into the Amo, and the Chiana liomana south into a branch of the Tiber at Orvieto. Among the lakes of the Chiana valley are ilontepuleiano and Chiusi. CHIANTI, kyjin'te. A name applied to the moinitain district in Tuscany, central Italy, about 30 miles southeast of Florence, which produces the red wine famous the world over as Chianti. CHIAPA, chca'pa, Bishop of. A title often applied to I'.artolomeo de las Casas, the famous Spanish -Dominican, who lield that oilice between 1544 and 1547. and made every ellort to amelio- rate the condition of the Indians in Mexico and elsewhere. CHIAPAS, chi'-ii'pas ( f r.mi the Azte<' tribe of ChiajKiiicis. Chaiianccs, or Chajias, who derived their name from Aztec chapa, red macaw). A Pacific State of Mexico, situated at the south- eastern end of the country, and bounded by the State of Tabasco on the north, (Guatemala on the east, the Pacific on the south, and the States of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz on the west (ilap: Mexico, N 9). It covers an area of 27,222 square miles. In the soutlicni jiart are a number of volcanoes, ranging in altitude from about 1500 to over 7000 feet, while the centre consists of a fertile plateau, the most cultivated portion of the State. The climate is moderate and health- ful. The State produces corn, colTee, cocoa, sugar, tobacco, and indigo in small quantities, as agriculture is still in a backward condition; gold, silver, copper, and petroleum are mined. >.ear Palenque, one of the towns of Chiapas, are some of the most extensive and magnificent ruins in this portion of America. Population, in 1900. .'i(i5,2I0, chiefly aborigines. Ca]ntal. Tuxtla (Ju- tierrez. Consult: Stephens, Incidents of Travel (New York, 1845) ; The State of Chiapas (Mex- ico, 1895). _CHIARAMONTE GTJLri, kya'ra-mon'ta gool'fc. A town in the Sicilian Province of .Syra- cuse, situated on a higli hill, about eight miles north of Eagusa. The chief occupation is the cultivation of the vine. Population, in 1901, 10,548. CHIARAMONTI, kyii'rii-mon'tc. MrsEo. A division of the 'atican iluseum. arranged in a corridor 900 feet long, ccmtaining some 300 marble sculptures. CHIARI, kya'ri? (It., clear). A city in north Italy, 3G miles east of Milan (Map: Italy. D 2). It ha-s silk-factories and tanneries. On September 1, 1701. (lie Aiistrians, under Prince Kugene. here defeated the French and S])anish. under Villeroi. Population, in 1881 (commune), 10.414; in 1901, 10,810. CHIARI, Gu-.sEPPE (1054-1727). An Halian painter, born in Kome. lie was a pupil of Carlo Maratta, whom he closely imitated, and under whose direction he executed many excellent easel-pictures. In addition to his many smaller works, which included sacred, historical, and mythological subjects, he painted some frescoes, notably an "Adoration of the !Magi," in Santa Maria del SufTragio, Konie. CHIAROSCURO, kyii'rA-skoo'r6 (It, light and dark, from Lat. clarus, clear -+- obscurus, obsoire). In painting, a nmst important quality, for without light and shade the sense of projcc-