Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/687

CHEW. Germantown, its occupation early in the engagement by the British, and the foolish attempt of the Americans to capture it, probably turning the fortunes of the day. (See .) Chew was president of the High Court of Errors and Appeals from 1790 until the abolition of this court in 1806.  CHEWING-GUM. A preparation of some form of gum resin, to which a flavoring matter is often added. The gum resin of black spruce (Abies nigra), in its original state, was probably first used for this purpose; but the demand is now supplied by various manufactured preparations, and spruce gum occurs less frequently than formerly. The gum resins of sweet-gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), tamarack (Larix Americana), and certain other forest trees are also used. The substance most extensively employed in the manufacture of chewing-gum is chicle gum, an elastic gum from the naseberry (Achras sapota), a tree found in Central and tropical South America, somewhat similar to the india-rubber tree. Balsam of tolu, which is prepared from a gum also found in South America, is a constituent of certain kinds of gum, while paraffin, or some preparation of it, has also been employed. To most of these gums it is customary to add sugar-water and some flavoring matter. The practice of chewing gum is probably harmless, and in mild cases of indigestion it may even be somewhat beneficial, by mechanically stimulating the flow of saliva. Pepsin and similar substances are often mixed in with the gum; but it is safe to say that the success of any particular brand depends more upon its sweetness and flavor than upon any beneficial properties.  CHEWINK′ (imitation of its cry), or . A large terrestrial finch of the genus Pipilo, represented by several species in North America, of which the common Eastern species, the red-eyed towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), is best known. It is about 8 inches in length, of which the tail is nearly half. The male is black, with a white belly and chestnut sides, and with prominent white markings on the tail. The female is grayish-brown where the male is black. It is a migratory bird, wintering in the Southern States and breeding from Georgia northward. The nest is built on or near the ground, of bark and leaves, lined with grass, and usually most cleverly hidden by an apparently accidental roof of twigs, leaves, etc. Eggs, four or five, white, spotted with rufous. The chewink is an active bird, spending its time mostly on the ground in woods and thickets, scratching about in the leaves in search of its insect prey, and now and then flying to some low branch or convenient fence-rail to utter his melodious ‘chewink’; or, in the spring, to pour forth a short but most musical song. The various names chewink, towhee, joree, etc., are in imitation of its sharp call-note, while ‘ground-robin’ refers to its colors, suggesting those of the American robin. See Plate of, and Plate of.  CHEYENNE,. The capital of Wyoming and county-seat of Laramie County, 106 miles north of Denver, Colo., on the Union Pacific, the Burlington and Missouri River, and the Cheyenne and Northern railroads (Map:, G 5). It has a considerable trade in cattle and sheep, possesses large shops of the Union Pacific Railroad, and has lignite and iron

mines in the vicinity. Among the prominent buildings are the State Capitol, the high school, Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Carnegie Library, and the stone depot of the Union Pacific Railroad. The place was first settled in 1867, when the Union Pacific Railroad reached that point, and in 1869 was chosen as the Territorial capital of Wyoming. In the same year a large portion of the town was destroyed by fire. The government is administered under the charter of 1869, the year of incorporation, and provides for a mayor, chosen every two years, and a city council, elected by wards. The chief of police is appointed by the executive; the park and street commissioners are selected by the council; and all other administrative officials are named by the mayor, with the consent of the council. School officials are chosen by popular vote. Population, in 1890, 11,690; in 1900, 14,087.  CHEYENNE, or. A brave and warlike plains tribe of Algonquian stock. They lived at one time on the Cheyenne River, of Minnesota, but, owing to pressure from the hostile Sioux, crossed the Missouri and drifted down into the plains. They have an interesting social organization, with eleven subdivisions and a council of five chiefs, besides the military organization known to the whites as the ‘Dog Soldiers.’ They are high-spirited and honorable, and have been prominent in nearly all the wars upon the plains up to a very recent period. They call themselves by a name which signifies ‘our people,’ the name Cheyenne being of Sioux origin and signifying ‘red’—i.e. ‘alien.’ They number now about 3450, of whom about 1400 (Northern Cheyenne) are on a reservation in Montana, the remainder (Southern Cheyenne) being associated with the Arapahoes in Oklahoma, their reservation having been opened to settlement in 1892.  CHEYNE,, (1671-1743). An English physician. He was born in Methlick, Aberdeenshire, studied in Edinburgh, and in 1702 went to London, where he was elected fellow of the Royal Society. He became enormously corpulent, and having secured relief by a milk and vegetable diet, recommended this treatment in all his subsequent treatises. His works, eminently argumentative in tone, were widely popular, and were translated into foreign languages. They include: Essay on Health and Long Life (1724; seventh edition, 1726); The English Malady (1733; sixth edition, 1739); and Essay on Regimen (1740). His correspondence with Richardson, the novelist, appeared in 1817, as Original Letters, edited by Rebecca Warner.  CHEYNE, (1841—). An English biblical critic. He was born in London, September 18, 1841; took the degree of B.A. at Oxford, 1862; was fellow of Balliol College there, 1868-82; became Oriel professor of the interpretation of Holy Scripture, 1885; and Canon of Rochester, 1885. He was rector of Tendring, Essex, 1880-85; a member of the Old Testament Revision Company, and Bampton lecturer, 1889. He has attained great fame as an advocate of critical views in Old Testament learning. His publications include: Commentaries on Isaiah (1880-81; third edition, 1884), Jeremiah (1883-84), Hosea (1884), Micah (1882); a new translation of the Psalms (1884); and critical works, such as Job and Solomon