Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/685

* CHEVIOT HILLS. GOl CHEVRONS. The highest point is Cheviot Pe.ik, 2053 feet high. The Cheviot Hills are celebrated in the history aiil roinanee of border warfare. CHEVREAU, shcvrd', Henri (1823—). A French legislator. He was born in Belleville, Seine. He was one' of the strongest supi)orters of the coup dV-tat of 1851. In 1870 he super- seded Baron Haussniann as prefect of the Seine, and, after the first defeat sustained by the French Army in that year, was ajjpointed Min- ister of the Interior. In this capacity he ener- getically promoted the organization of the Garde Mobile throughout the country, encouraging the formation of bodies of francs-tireurs (sharp- shooters), and completing in Paris the equip- ment of si.'vty new battalions of the Garde Xa- tionale. After the disaster at Sedan and the Eevolution of September 4. he fled to Brussels, and subsequently rejoined the Empress Eugenie in England. He was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1885. CHEVREUL, she-vrel', Michel Eugene (1780-1SS!>). A French chemist, born at . gers. in the Department of Maine-et-Loire. He studied chemistry in Paris, became assistant to Vauque- lin, in 1813 was appointed professor of the phys- ical sciences at the Lycve Charlemagne. In 1820 he was made examiner in the Ecole Polytechnique, and in 1824 director of the dyeing department in the Golielin manufactory. In 1830 he became pro- fessor of applied chemistry in the iluseum of Natural History, and in 1879 retired from active service. In recognition of his important ser- vices to science, many honors were conferred upon him : he was made a member of the Insti- tute, a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, a Commander of the Legion of Honor, etc. In 1886 the eentenan,- of his birth was celebrated with great enthusiasm ; and in the same year Harvard University, on the 250th anniversary of its foun- dation, conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. A monument to his memory was erected at An- gers in 1893. Another statue of Chevreul may be seen in the iluseum of Natural History in Paris. Among his researches may be mentioned his suc- cessful investigation of the chemical nature of fats, which has led to the achievement of indus- trial results of the greatest importance. He was the first to demonstrate that the various fats are mixtures of glycerides, or compounds of glycerin with oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids. (See Fat.s.) He wrote: Recherches chimiques sur les corps gras d'orii/ine animale ( 1823) ; Con- siderations ijt'nvrales sur I'analyse organique et siir ses applications (1824): Lemons de chimie appliqu^e a la ieinture (2 vols., 1831) ; De Ui loi du contrastc simiiltani} dcs coulcurs et de I'as- sortimcnt dcs objets coloriis (1839) ; Thiorie des ejfels optiques que prisenlcnt les ctoffcs de soie (1846) ; Des couleurs et de leur application aux arts indusfriels (1804) ; Hesumi d'une histoire dc la matiire (1878) ; etc. See Malloizel. CEuvrcs Kcietitifiqucs de Chevreul (1887) : also, Hofmann, '■^ekrolog auf Chevreul," in the Bcrichte dcr deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, for 1887. CHEVBETJSE, shp-vrez', Marie de Hoiiax, Duehesse de (1000-79). One of the foremost op- ponents to Richelieu at the Court of France. As the result of her activities, she was banished by the all-powerful Minister. Having returned, subsequent to the death of Louis XIII.. from resi- dence in England, she participated in the Fronde (q.v.). Consult the biography by Cousin (2d cd., I'aris, 1852). CHEVRON, shev'run (Fr., Med. Lat. capro, rafter. Ivoni Lat. coper, goat). (1) In architec- ture, a molding in the form of a succession of chevrons (i.e. broken forms), otherwise called a zigzag molding. In general, it is characteristic of Xorman architecture, but is also found in other European mediseval architecture. (2) In her- aldry ( q.v. ), one of the charges known as ordi- naries. CHEVRONS. Badges or insignia of rank or service, consisting of stripes meeting at an angle, and worn on the sleeve of the coat by non-commissioned officers and men. In the United States Army, such badges of rank are worn by all non-commissioned officers, and are of cloth corresponding in colors and pipings to the pat- terns laid down for stripes on trousers. (SeeL^Ni- FOBMS, Military.) The chevrons are worn with the points up. though previous to 1902 they were worn with the points down, except by the cadet officers of the L'nited States Military Academy and the non-commissioned officers of the United States Marine Corps. Chevrons worn liy non-commissioned officers of the line, accord- ing to their rank, are as follows, those upon the overcoat being below the elbow, midway between the elbow and the end of the sleeve : those for the other coats being worn above the elbow: Regimental sergeant-major, three bars and an arc of three bars: regimental quartermaster- sergeant, three bars and a tie of three bars; regimental commissnrti sergeant, three bars and a tie of three bars, having a crescent (points front) three-quarters of an inch below the inner
 * ngle of the chevron: Sijuadron or hattalion

sergeant-major, three bars and an are of two bars; chief musician, three bars and an are of two bars, with a bugle in the centre; chief /rwrnpefrr, three bars and an arc of one bar, with a bugle in the centre: principal musiciayt, three bars and a bugle: </»»m-m(('or. three bars and two embroidered cross-batons: first sergeant, three bars and a lozenge: troop, battery, or company quartermaster-sergeants, three bars and a tie of one bar; sergeant, three bars; color-sergeant, three bars and a star; corporal, two bars: lance- corporal, one bar: stable sergeant, field artillery, three bars and a horse's head. Post permanent staff, engineer, hospital, ordnance, and signal corps non-connnissioned officers wear chevrons in wKich the stripes are nc<omp;inied usually by a dot!) device designating the corps or department of the sen-ice to which they belong. See :Mili- TAiiY Insignia. Service chevrons are worn by all enlisted m<'n who have served faithfully for one term of en- listment, for either three or five years, and con-