Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/683

* CHESTNUT. 599 CHEVALIER AV CYGNE. (Castanca pitmila) and the bush chinquapin {Castanca ahiifoliii) are natives of the (Stales soutli and west of Pennsylvania as far as Texas. The former is a shrub four to live feet high, though oieasionally reaching a height of 30 or 40 feet : the latter rarely e.xeeeds three feet. The nuts are smaller thaii ehestnuts, but ripen ear- lier, are edible, and to some extent marketed. A number of other speeics are native to the East. Castanca argcnica and Castauea tuiigurnit of Java are large trees with edible nuts. Castanap- sis chn/sophylla is a California evergreen, the small fruit or nuts of which are eaten. The horse-chestnut (q.v.) is entirely different from the true chestnut. Food ValKc. — Chestnuts when fresh contain 84 JXT cent, of edible portion and Iti per cent, of refuse (shell). The edible portion has the fol- lowing percentage conii)osition : Water, 45.0 ; pi-o- tein, 6.2 ; fat. "5.4 : total carbohydrates, 42.1 ; and ash, 1.3. The fuel value is 1125 calories per pound. I'nlike most nuts, the chestnut is rich in carbohydrates (largely starch), rather than fat or i)rotein. In Europe steamed chestnuts are eaten either with salt or milk. They are also boiled and roasted, or are use<l combined with other food materials, and in the maiuifacture of confectionery. In the form of a cake, called in Italy •jiccci',' they are a common food. In the United States they are eaten raw or roasted. and are also used for making dessert, for stutiing poultry, and in other ways. The candied chest- Huts, or 'iitaiTons glaces,' are also well known. Ac- cording to recent investigation, cooked chestnuts are quite tJoroughly digested. Chestnuts are dried, and are sometimes groimd to a Hour, used for making a bread or cake. CHESUN'COOK LAKES. A name given to a grouj) of hikes in Piscataquis County. Maine, the cliief being Chcsuucook Lake, IS miles long and from 1 to 2 miles wide, and Ripogenns Lake, 2 miles long and 1 mile wide, which are but expansions of the Penobscot River (Map: Maine, E 4). Lake Chesuncook has the following feed- ing lakes or ponds: Longeley Pond, L'mba- zooksus Lake, Cuxabexis. Duck and Moose ponds. Mud Pond. Ragged Lake, and Caribou Lake. 7 miles long and M-; miles wide. Lake Ripogenns has as a feeder Harrington Lake, 3 miles long and 1 mile wide. Lobster Pond, 5 miles long and I'j miles wide, between Ragged Lake and North Hay of iloosehead Lake, may also be included in the Chesuncook system. Ly- ing to the northwest of this section and directly connected with it by the Cauquonigomoc River, 12 miles long, are Lake Cauquonigomoc, about 7 miles long and nearly 2 miles wide, and its feed- ing lakes — Lone Lake, Poland Pond, Round Pond, and Shallow Lake. CHETIMACHES, shet'i-mash'. Lake. See Grami Lakk. CHET'TLE, Hknry ( ? -c.l(i07). An Eng- lish dramatist. Of the thirteen or more plays he wrote single-handed, only one has survived — the lurid Trnrirthi of Iloffman, or a Revenge for a Father (performed 1602, printed 1631, edited by H. B. Leonard. 1S51). Of thirty-six plays on which he eolla'iorated, only four were print- ed. Verj' attractive is The Pleasant Coinedie of Patient 'Orissil (printed 1003; edited by .T. P. Collier, 1S41). Chettle's name is forever linked with Shakespeare's. He edited Greene's Groats- worth of Wit (15'.t2), in which Shakespeare was attacked: apologized in a memorable passage in a pamplilet entitled Kind Heart's Dream (1592 or 1503; reprinted by C. H. Ingleby in ,S7iu/:c- spearc Alhi^iiuit Hooks, 1S74) : and apparently alluded to Shakespeare in ■•Silver-tongued Meli- tert," in England's Mourning Garment (1003; reprinted with Kind Heart's Dream, as above). CHEVALIER, shev'sMer' (Fr., variant of cavalier, It. ciiruliere. from ML. caballariiis, horseman, from Lat. cabalhis, horse). In her- aldry, a horseman armed at all points. In the more general acceptation it signifies a knight (([.v.). See r.AN-NEUIvT; ClIIVALKY. CHEVALIER, The Young. The popular title of the grandson of James II. of England, otherwise known as the Young Pretender (q.v.). Sec Stuart, Charles Edward. CHEVALIER, she-va'lya', Albert. An Eng- lish music-hall singer, and composer of 'coster'- songs. He made his first public appearance in 1877, at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, during the Bancroft management, in An Unequal Match. For some years he continued as a regular actor, at the Coiirt Theatre, with John Hare, and else- where, till in February, IS'Jl, he made a great hit at the Pavilion JIusic Hall, developing his spe- cial gift of mimicking the traits of the London costermonger. This, and his songs, have brought him gi-eat popularity and financial success. In 1S96 he spent some time in the United States, repeating his favorite performances. He is also the author of dramatic pieces, notably Tommy Dodd. which he produced at the Globe Theatre, Loiulnn, in ISOS. CHEVALIER, Michel (1800-79). A French ccniuiiiiist. He was born in Limoges. .January 13, ISOti. and was at the age of 18 admitted as a pupil of the Polytechnic School. Thence he went to the School of Jlines, and some days be- fore the Revolution of July he was appointed en- gineer to the Department du Nord. In early Hfe he favored the views of Saint Simon, and his outspoken utterances led to his imprisonment. Upon his release he recanted, and was sent by the Government in 1832 to the United States to study the American railroad system. He traveled for two vears in the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, and published the results of his experi- ences in a series of letters in the Journal des Debats. After his return he held various Govern- ment positions, and in 1845 he was elected a deputv, but served only till next year, his cham- pionship of free trade' preventing his reelection. He lost his professorsliip during the Provisional (Jovernment. but later won llie favor of Louis Napoleon, and was reinstated. In 1860, after the conclusion of the commercial treaty with England, he became Senator. He died in ^lont- pellier in 1S79. Of his works, that most frequent- ly quoted is his Probable Fall in the Price of Gold (1854). In it he calls attention to the ef- fects of the gohl discoveries in California and Australia, and urges that gold should be de- nionetia>d. Other works are: Letters from orth America (1830) : Material Interests in France: Public U'orAs. Uoads. Canals, Railirays (IS38) ; Letters on the Organixation of Labor and the Question of the Laborers (1848). CHEVALIER AU CYGNE, 6 sf'ny' (Fr., knight of the swan). A character also known