Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/671

* CHEROKEE. 589 CHERRY. time a national press was established, and a con^^iderable body of printed literature appeared in the native lan^'ua»;e. Meanwhile, however, gold had been discov- ered in the Cherokee country, and at once stronfT pressure was brought to bear to compel the removal of the Indians. Notwithstanding a decision of the Supreme Court uplioUiing the autonomy of the Cherokee Nation, the State of Georgia "extended her laws over their country, and President Andrew .Jackson refused to inter- fere in their behalf. Desjiite the repeated and energetic protests of more than nine-tenths of the Cherokee Nation, a treaty was negotiated with a small faction which bound the tribe to remove within three years beyond the Missis- sippi, whither a small portion of them had removed some years before. The Cherokees re- pudiated the instrument, and in 1838 they were removed by military force, several thousands dving on the march or from hardships incident ti) the removal. Throughout this crisis the gieat leader of the patriot party was the chief .John Ross (q.v.), who ser-ed as principal chief of the Cherokee Nation from his first election in 1828 to his death in 1860. On their arrival in the Indian Territory they reestablished their (Jdvernment, with Tahlequah as the capital. The outbreak of the Civil War in IStil brought di- vision to their councils, calamity and misery to their people, the tribe being about equally di- vided in sentiment, and furnishing large con- tingents to both the Federal and Confederate forces, each contending army in turn sweep- ing the Cherokee country until it was left almost a desert waste. At the close of the war they entered into a new treaty with the United States, by which they agreed to free their negro slaves aiid admit them to full Cherokee citizen- ship. Since then their history has been chiefly a narrative of successive acts in the hopeless strug- gle to preserve their national existence from the overmastering grasp of the white man. In 1892 they sold their western territorial extension, known as the 'Cherokee Outlet.' Since then, by rapid successive acts of Congress, their tribal autonomy has been curtailed until hardly more than a shadow remains, and allotment and coni- ]>lete absorption into the white man's govern- ment are but a question of a short time. Under their present national Government they have an elective principal chief, a Senate, and a Hcmse of Representatives, and a complete system of public schools. The Cherokees of pure and mixed blood, exclusive of adopted citizens and repudiated claimants, may number perhaps 20,000, besides whom some 1400 more, known as the Eastern Band, reside on or adjoining a resen-ation in western North Carolina, being descendants of those who escaped and fled to the mountains at the time of the removal. CHERON, sha'ro.'.ELi.sABETH Sophie (1648- 1711 ). A French artist and poet. She was bom in Paris, and at the age of twenty became a member of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, then presided over by lyC Brun. This rare honor for a woman was gained by her re- markable engravings and paintings, already high- ly esteemed. She was also the author of a poem, Lpx reriwfi renrem/cs (1717), and a work en- titled f.iire de principes a ilessein (1706), con- taining some of her own engravings. At the age of sixty she married M. Le Hay. CHERRY (AS. ciris, Gcr. Kir.irhr. from Lat. ccr<i*i(.v, Gk. KFpaab^, kerasos, eherry-tree, from xipac, kerax, horn). Cultivated cherries have sprung almost entirely from two ])arent species — Primus ccrasus and I'rtDuis avium — both of European origin. ( For illustration, see Colored Plate of Drites. ) Besides these species, the cherry is represented in Europe, America, .Japan, and China by indigenous species, none of which have attained economic importance save the .Tapane-ie form ^ Pniitu.s ihspudocenisus), in honor of which the famous Cherry Festival is given every year, in America the choke-cherry il'ruiius Virgin- iana) has sometimes been cultivated. The bird- cherry {I'runus Penns;ilva>iica) is grown for ornament, while Primus Besxii and Prunus pu- mila, two dwarf forms native to the prairie re- gion of the Northwest, have lately come into notice because of their fruit. The garden cherries are varieties of either Prunus cerasus or Prunus avium. To Prunus cerasus belong the Morellos and Amarelles — two of the three groups of sour cherries, in which the tree characteristics are spreading habit and willowj-, drooping branches; to Prunus ariiim belong the Hearts. Bigarreaux. and Mazzards. the su^ect cherries, and the Dukes, the third group of sour cherries, characterized by tall, robust, up- right trees. The cherry is usually increased by budding the desired " variety on ^Mazzard or Mahaleb stocks. Mazzard stocks are now counted best for both the sweet and sour cherries: but. because buds take more readily on the Mahaleb. this is extensively used as a stock for the sour cherries. Cherries prefer a well-drained gravelly loam, well enriched with plant food. While they need moisture, they will not tolerate a wet location. The fruit is grown commercially in Europe and the United States. In the eastern United States the sour cherries form an important item in the canning business, while on the Pacific Coast the sweet-cherry industry reaches its highest de- velopment. The fruit of the cherry is much valued as an article of food by the inhabitixnts of some parts of France, especially by the woodcutters and charcoal-burners of the forests; and among their modes of preparing it is that of making it an ingredient in soups. It ripens in Norway as far north as latitude 63°. In some parts of Germany the public roads are lined for many miles together with avenues of clierry-trees. The wild black cherry {Prunus serotina) is a splendid timber-tree, the wood being highly prized for finishing and furniture, while tlie bark is used in medicine and the fruit is used for making brandy. Cherry Di.se.ses. The cherry is subject to a number of fungous diseases, most of which are also common to other fruits, as brown rot (see Peach), leaf-blight (see Pi.um), and black knot (see Pl.l'.Ml. . common disease of the cherry, known as mildew, is caused by the fungus Podo- sphrrra oxycnnthee. which is found upon the apple also, especially upon nursery' stock. The affected leaves are "gray with the fimgus, and they soon dry and fall from the tree. Am- moniacal copper carbonate has been foimd a verv- efficient fungicide (q.v.) for preventing it. There is a very conunon Icafscorili in Europe due to Gnnmnnin criithrostoma, that has not yet appeared in America. When attacked by this