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* CHAUTAUQUA. 54!) CHAY ROOT. taiiinient. All exercises, except class instruc- tion in the college, are free to any one within the town limits, and a tuition ticket giving all the educational privileges of the assembly may be had at a nominal price. Soci.L A.ssEMni.AGEs. There are now scat- tered throughout the Inited Slates aiui Canada more tlian three hundred local asscmldics mod- eled after the original Chautauqua. Most of these are Im-al in their inlhicnce; hut a few. such as the Champlain Assembly at I'lattsburg. X. Y. (sec Catiiouc Scmmku School), and the .Jewish Chautauqua at Atlantic City, N. J. (see .iKwisii Chavt.M'QU.v Society), are doing for .-pecial interests or sects a work quite similar in character to that at Chautauqua. There is no organic relation between thi'se local assemblies and the original, but most of them adopt as a jiart of their rcifular work the home reading courses of the uiother institution. Bibliography. Vincent, The Chautauquu Movement, with introduction by Miller (Boston, 1886) ; The Chautauqua ilayazine (Meadville. Pa.. 1880-00) : The Chautauqua Assembly Daihi Herald ; The United States Bureau of Education. Report for (Washington, 1801-92, 1804-0.5. 1800- 1000) : Martin. Soeial Circles and How to Form Them (Boston, 1888): Chautauqua Keadinij Circle lAterature (Meadville. Pa., 1806-97) ; Raymond. About Chautauqua : As an Idea, as a Poirer. and as a Place (Toledo, 1886). CHAUTAUQUA LAKE. A beautiful stretch of water iu ( liautuuqua County, in extreme western Xew York, 730 feet above tlic level of Lake Erie, and about 1300 feet above the sea (Map: New York. A3). It is 18 miles long and about 2 miles wide, with an outlet into Cone- wango Creek, and thence into Allegheny River. It drains only a small area, having no large feeding streams. The lake is in a^ country famed for its scenery, and on its banks is the celebrated Chautauqua Summer School. ^Mayville is at the head of the lake and Jamestown at the foot, on the outlet. CHAUVEAU, sho'vo', Pierre .Tosepii Olivier (1820-pni. . Canadian statesman and writer, born and educated in Quebec. He was chosen to the Provincial Legislature in 1844. and became Solicitor-(ieneral in 18.51 and Provincial Secre- tary in IS53. In 18;3o he was appointed super- intendent of education for Lower Canada. On the organization of the Confederation he became Premier of Quebec, and in 1873 was chosen Speaker of the Canadian Senate. He became professor of Roman law in Laval University in 1878. and at one time was president of the Royal Society of Canada. Besides poems, he published: ('harles (Juirin, roman de maeiirs canadiennes (1852): L'inslruction publique au Canada (1876) : and Franrois-Xavier (larneau, sa vie et ses orucres ( 1883). CHAUVEAU-LAGARDE, sh.Vv.V hVgiird', Claidk I'rancois (1756-1841). A French advo- cate, born at Chartres. lie ccnirageously defended Marie . toinettc. the Princess Elizabeth. Gen- eral Miranda. Bris.sot, and Charlotte Corday be- fore the Revolutionary tribunal. .Apprehended and imprisoned, he escaped death through the fall of Robespierre. Tn 1828 he was appointed a counselor of the Court of Cassation. His chief work is Xote historique sur le proci's de Marie- Antoinette el de Madame Elisabeth (1816). CHAUVENET, sho've-na', William (1820- 70). An . ierican mathematician. He was born in ililford. Pa., graduated at Yale in 1840, a.s professor of mathematics in the navy from 1841 to 1850, and a,ssisted in the establishment of the Naval Academy at Annapolis and of its observatory, of which he was made director. He was for a time professor of mathematics and astronomy and clianccllor in Washington University, at Saint Louis, Mo. Among his works are an excellent Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (1850), and a Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy (1863). Consult "Memoir of William Chauvenet," in the liiographical Memoirs of the Academy (Wa.sh- ingtoii. 1877). CHAUVINISM, shr>'vin-iz'm. The name given in France to a policy of excessive national self-glorification, accompanied by an attitude of aggressive hostility to everything foreign, (^hau- vin was the name of an old battle-scarred veteran of the Empire who adored the memory of Na- poleon and who was continually talking of his achievements at Austerlitz and .Tena. and his determination to take a brilliant revenge for Waterloo. The vaudevillists of the day — Scribe, Cognard, Bayard, and Dumanoir — seized upon him as a subject for the comic stage, and since then a Chauvinist has come to mean a man who has extravagant and narrow-minded notions of patriotism and enmity toward foreign people, equivalent to our word Jingo. CHAUX-DE-FONDS, shA'de-foN', La (Fr., deep lime). A town in the Canton of Neuchatel, Switzerland, nine miles northwest of Neuchatel (Map: Switzerland, A 1). It is situated in a bleak valley of the Jura, at an elevation of 3070 feet above the sea, and is regularly built, with broad, straight streets, and stone hou.ses. The most notable structures are the aqueduct, 13 miles long: the Protestant church, with a fine, vaulted roof: the hospital: the college, which contains the municipal picture gallery; the historical mu- seum: and the library. Among the educational institutions is a watchmaking and technical school. Chaux-de-Fonds is the second largest watch and clock making centre in Switzerland, and also numufactures articles in gold, silver, bronze, and enamels, lenses and scientific instru- ments. Population, in 1888, 25,603; 1000. 36,- 388. CHAVES, sha'vesh (Portug., hot). A town and fortress of the second class in Portugal, in Tras-os-Montes, near the Spanish frontier, situ- ated on a plain on the left bank of the Tamega. which is here crossed by an old Roman bridge of twelve arches (Map: Portugal, B 2). In the neighborhood are saline springs, which arc nnicli frequented, and the remains of a Roman bath- house. Its industries consist of silk and linen weaving. Population, about 7000. CHAY ROOT (Tamil, chaya), Choya. or S.VYAN iOldenlandia umbellata) . A perennial herbaceous plant of the order RubiaceiP. said to ))e a native of India. It is cultivated on the coast of ('oromandel for the sake of its long, orange-colored roots, the bark of which affords a beautiful red dye. The quality of the bark is said to be im- proved by keeping it for some years. It is the coloring matter obtained from chay root which is used to paint the red figures on chintz. Chay root