Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/622

* CHATTANOOGA. 5J:2 CHATTEL. Blent of Chattanooga is administered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a city cuuncil, com- posed of two boards. The e.xecutive and legisla- tive branches are entirely distinct, all finids be- ing prcivided >y one hiidy and disbursed by the other. The annual income and expenditures of the city balance at nearly $300,000. The main items of exjiense are: $30,000 for the jjolice de- partment, including police courts, jails, refor- niatories, etc.: $3,>,bOO for the fire department; and $4o.000 for schools. Originally called Ross's Landing. Chattanooga was settled in 1830, and was incorporated in 1851. It became of great military importance in the Civil War, and the vicinity was the scene of several hotly contested battles". In 1863 it was occupied by the Union forces. The city was almost destroved during the war. Population, in 1870, (iO!l3": in 1880, 12,892: in 1S90, 29,100; in 1900, .30.154. CHATTANOOGA, Battle of. One of the most iiiipiirhiiil liattles of the Civil War. fought in the viciiiitv of Chattanooga, Tenn., November 23-25. 181)3. between a Federal army of 00,000. under General Grant, and a Confederate army of about 40.000, under (Jeneral Bragg. After the battle of Chickamauga (q.v. ), Bragg had held the Federal troops closely besieged in Chat- tanooga, and, by seizing nearly all of their lines of supply, tlireatened them with starvation. In October Tliomas sui)er3eded Rosecrans. who had commanded at Chickamauga, and on the 23d Grant, recently placed in eonmiand of the mili- tary operations in the "est, arrived in per- son. Grant immediately reopened his conmiimi- cations with the Federal base of supplies at Nashville (October 2G, 27, and 28). by advanc- ing Hooker's troops from liri<Igeport and send- ing a small force from Chattanooga to seize the points in Lookout Valley which controlled Brown's Ferry. After awaiting reinforcements BATTLEFIELD OF CHATTA.NOOOA. under Sherman, he took the aggressive on Kovem- ber 23. when Thomas, in an engagement lasting two hours, drove l)ack Bragg's advanced guards and established a new Federal line a mile in advance of the old one. On the 24th Sherman, on the left, carried a detached point of Mission- ary Ridge, and Hooker, on the right, in the fa- mous 'Battle above the Clouds,' carried Lookout Mountain, the Confederates retreating from his front during the night. At daylight on the 25th Sherman renewed his attack on the Con- federate right, but, owing to the unavoidable debiy of Flooker in coming to his assistance, was placed in a precarious position, and as a diver- siim Grant ordered an assault by Thomas's Hoops, under Slieridau and Wood, against the Confederate centre. These troops quickly drove the enemy from his rifle trenches, and then, without orders frtmi Grant or Thomas, rushed impetuously up the steep hill (.Missionary Ridge), and, in one of the most remarkable diarges known in military liistory, carried the fortifications under a teriific fire, gained posses- sion of the crest of the ridge, jind drove the Con- federates, panic-stricken, from the field. The Confederate retreat now became general, and during the night Bragg, hotly pursued by Shcri- chm, withdrew rapidlv up the Chickamauga 'al- Icy. The losses in killed, wounded, and missing were for the Federals 5815; for the Confederates, 0687. The victory not only relieved Chattanooga, but also forced Longstreet, then besieging Burn- side at Knoxville, to retreat into Virginia. Con- sult: the 0/ficial Records, Vol. XXXI. (Washing- ton, 1890) ; Cist, The Army of the Cumberland (New York, 1897) ; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, Vol. VI 11. (10 vols.. New York, 1897) : and Grant, Personal ilemoirs (2 vols., new e<lition. New Y'ork, 1895). CHATTEL (OF. chalel, catel, Med. Lat. cap- late, capitate. ])roperty, from Lat. caput, head). A term nearly, though not quite, coextensive W'ith the term personal property (q.v.) — that is, property which passes to the e.xccutor or ad- ministrator, as distinguished from real prop- erty, which is inheritable and jiasses to the heir. By chattel is meant that species of personal property which is capable of physical delivery and possession. Thus, choses in possession are chattels, but choses in action (q.v.), although ]iersonal property, are not chattels in the tech- nical sense. Chattels are classified as chattels real and chaltelx personal. A chattel real is any interest or ])roperty in land less than a freehold. As opposed to freeholds, chattels real are regarded as personal property; but, as being interests in real property, they are called chattels real, to distinguish them from other chattels, which are called chattels personal. Certain objects which are a part of the real estate may become chattels upon lieing severed from the real estate — as, for ex;iiiiple, timber which h;is been cut, or ore which has been mined and removed from tlic land; and certain other objects which are still attached to and form a part of real property — as, for example, growing annual crops or emblements (q.v.) — are for some purposes regarded as chattels. On the other hand, in general, chattels which become attached to the land or arc used as a part of the real estate lose their character as chattels, and become real estate. Thus, the materials used in constructing a house or other structure form- ing a part of the real estate are real estate. Cer- tain chattels, however, afli.xed to the real estate, but capable of removal — as, for example, ma- chinery, articles of furniture, etc. — retain their character as chattels for some purposes, while for others they arc deemed to be real estate. Chattels of the Church are known as fixtures (q.v.). At common law title to chattels personal in existence could lie transferred by mere agree- ment (see Sales), except in case of gift, when delivery of the chattel was required in order to