Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/617

CHASTELAIN. CHASTELAIN, sliathiN'. Georges (c.1405- T5). -V KiiikIi <.liroiiii-ler ami puet, born in Handcrs. lie became attaclied to the Court of tlie Duke of Burgundy. Philip the Good, in the character of chronicler, and served Charles the Bold in the same capacity. His chronicle of the times, Chronigiic dcs cliusts i/c <•<■ ttiiifin, is more mluable than many of such writings, on account of its veracity, although naturally he is partial to his patrons.

CHASTELARD, sh^'tlar'. A dramatic poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, published in London in 1865. and in Xew York in the same year. Later editions appeared in the former place in IStili. 18(57. and 1868. It is founded on the love of a French page for llarj% Queen of Scots: but the historic facts are treated with some license.

CHASTELABD, Pierre de Boscosel (1540- 63). A French poet at the Court of Francis II. and his young wife, Mary, whom he afterwards accompanied as page of Damville (15G1) to Scotland, where his indiscreet love invited, and at last almost compelled, his execution. He it Was who carried to Mary the famous Regrets of his poetic master Ronsard. Chastelard and the yueen exchanged also amorous verses of their own composition. His last words are said to have been a profession of undying love. Consult Swinburne, Chastelard: A Tragedy (London and New York. 1S65).

CHASTELER, shi'tW, Jean Gabriel Joseph Aleekt. Manjuis de (1763-1825). An Austrian general. He was born in Belgium, received his military education in Vienna, and entered the Austrian serx'ice. He took a prominent part in the campaigns against the Turks in 1789 and those against France during the Revolution, and especially distinguishe<l himself at Wattignies in 1793. He fought in the Tyrol against Xapoleon, but was beaten by Lefebvre, at Wiirgl in 1809, and was compelled to fly to Hungary. When the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom was established, he was made Governor of Venice.

CHASTELLUX, shatlnks', Frax^OIS Jeaij, Marquis de (1734-88). A French soldier and writer. He was born in Paris, entered the French Army in 1749, distinguished himself in the Seven Years' War. and from 1780 to 1782 served as a major-general in the French army, under Rochambeau, which coiiperated with the Americans against the English in the Revolu- tionary War. After his return to France until his death he held the position of inspector of infantry-, and in 1786 he became a mar- quis by the death of an elder brother. His reputation rests chiefly upon his Voyages dans I'Am^rique septentrionale, dans les anni^es nftn. nSl et 1782 (178G: Eng. translation by Kent. 1787) in which he gives an interest- ing account of many persons and places con- nected with the American Revolution and of many localities visited by him in a tour through the Middle States and the northern part of Virginia. For the most part the book has been considered a reasonably accurate picture of the I'nited States at that time, but certain portions ot it met with severe criticism, especially at the hands of Brissot de War'ille, who wrote an
 * Esamen rritique dfs "Voyages dans VAmfrique

septenlrirmalc" dans lequeJ on refute princi- jialernetit ses opinions sur les Quakers, sur les iiigres, sur Ic pruple et sur Vhomme (Paris, 1787). Chastellux also wrote: De Ui filicite publique, ou considerations sur le sort des homnies dans les diffcrenles ipoques de I'kistoire (1772), which was highly praised by Voltaire (who is said to have ranked it above Montes- quieu's Esprit des lois), but which gave con- siderable offense to many by its strictures upon Christianity; De I'union de la poisie et de la uiusique (1775) : and Discours sur les avaniages it les dcsuiantages qui resultent pour VEurope de la decouverte de VAmerique (1787), in which, answering the famous question proposed by Raynal, he asserts that the advantages have greatly outweighed the disadvantages. Consult: Chastellux, Sotice sur le marquis de Chastellux (Paris, 1822), and Pascallet, Notice historique MO- la inaison de Chastellux (Paris. 1844). CHASTE MAID IN CHEAPSIDE, A. A comedy l)y Thomas Middleton (q.v.), printed in quarto (16.30) and acted about 1612 at the Swan Theatre. London.

CHASTE TREE. See Vitex.

CHASUBLE, chaz'u-b'l. See Costume, ECCLESI..STIC.L.

CHAT (from chat, so called on account of its note). Originally one of the Old World ground- keeping warblers or small thrushes of the large sub-family Saxicolinse. elsewhere described under Wheatear, W hixchat. etc. In America, one of a group of large warblers (Icteriinie), of which the best known is the yellow-breasted chat {Icteria virens), a bird some seven or eight inches long, common in the eastern United States, at least southward. The tail is considerably longer than the wing. The color is olive-green above, bright yellow beneath, fading into white posteriorly. The song is a most extraordinarj- jumble of whistles, chucks, and caws, and is chiefly uttered when the male is in the air, carry- ing on aerial evolutions little less remarkable than his song. The chats are insectivorous and are inhabitants of thickets and copses, where they can conceal themselves readily when too closely approached. The nest is built of coarse grass, leaves, and strips of bark, in a bush near the ground, and the eggs, five in number, are white evienlv spotted with brown. Consult Ab- bott, A yaiuralist's Rambles (Xew York, 1884).

CHATEAU, sha't6', CHATEL, shA'tfl' or CASTEL, ka'stel' (Fr., castle, from Lat. ca.<s- tclhnn. dim. of eastrum, camp). Xames applied in France and in southern Europe to the resi- dences of the feudal lords of the soil. The name chateau-fort is now applied to the forti- fied castles, erected before the Fifteenth Century. The term chateau .is also applied to the modern French countrj- house, when the proprietor is also the owner of extensive adjoining landed property. Royal residences, like the Louvre, were also called chateaux, although they were in reality palaces (pulais). The valley of the Loire contains an unusually large number of chateaux, both royal, as Amboise, Blois, and Chambord. and private, as Chenonceaux, Lon- geais, Chateaudun. Chaumont, and Azai-le-Ri- deau. The word is also a component part of many names of places in France. See the bibliography of Castile: consult, also. Petit, Les Chdteaujt de la Loire (Paris, 1861).