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CHASLES. Among the chief works of Chasles are, besides the ApercH hisiorique mentioned above, the fol- lowing: Traitc de geometric siipericurc (1852; 2d ed. 1880); Traitc des sectiotis coniques ( 1808- 76); Rapport sur les progris de la gcomitrie (1871); and Trois lirrcs de porismes d'Euclide (1863). His various memoirs on perspective and projective figures, duality, tortuous curves, and the principle of correspondence were pub- lished in the Journal de I'Ecole Poll/technique (lS40-tio).

CHASLES, ViCTOB EirPHfilllEN PnlLARtTE (17118-1873). A French literary critic, born at Mainvillcrs (Eure-etLoir). lie studied at the Lycce Imperial, and went to England, where he assisted in the preparation of an edition of (Jreek and Latin authors. In 1837 he was appointed curator of the JIazarin Library, and in 1841 pro- fessor of Continental languages and literatures at the Coll&ge de France. He wrote for periodi- cals, chiefly the Journal des Debuts and the Re- rue dcx Deux ilniides, a large number of articles collected under the title Esguissefs. His other works include Oliver Cromwell (1847); Galileo Galilei (1862); Etudes contemporaines (1866); and L'Aretin, sa vie et ses i^crits (1873). His most comprehensive work is Etudes de litfera- ture comparie. in about 20 volumes (1847-64), which treats of the literature of antiquity, of the Aliddle Ages, of Italy, Spain, England, the Unit- ed States, etc. Two volumes of so-called Mi- itwircs were postluimously published (1870-77).

CHASMOGAMY, kaz-nuVii-mi (Gk. xaafia, chasma, opening -f ydfoc, gamos, marriage). Flowers which ojjcn are said to cxliibil chasmog- ainy, as opposed to eleistoganiy. in which case the flowers never open. See Pollination.

CHASMOPHYTES, kaz'mfi-fits. Crevice plants. See Rock Plant.

CHASSE, shii-sa', David Hendrik, Baron (1765-184!t). A Dutch soldier, born at Tiel, Gelderland. He entered the army at an early age, and when the anti-Orange party was crushed by a Prussian army, in 1787, ChassG joined the French ranks and served for a term under Pichegru. He afterwards fought with distinc- tion in the French wars of the Revohition and the Empire, and, for the frequency with which he ordered bayonet charges, was nicknamed 'GenC-ral Baionette.' He was made lieutenant- general for his services in the passes of the Pyrenees. After the conclusion of peace he entered the Dutch Army, and served with great gallantry on the field of WaterhM). During the Belgian Revolution Chassf commanded the cita- del of Antwerp, and bravely defended it against an overwhelming force of Belgians and French, from Noveml)er 20 to December 23, 1832, when he was forced tn surrender.

CHASSELOTJP - LAUBAT, shiis'lw'lAba', Fban(oi.s. Marquis de (1754-1833). A French military engineer, born at Saint Sornin (Cha- rentelnf^'-rieure) . Having risen to be colonel, he rendered valuable services to the Republic. He defended JlontmiVly in 1792. conducted the en- gineerin? operations at Maestricht in 1704, and in 1700 served as chief of engineers in the .rmy of Ttalv under Bonaparte, by whom he was pro- moted to be brigadier-general of engineers. From this time until 1812 he repeatedly scr'ed as head of the encineer corps of the Napoleonic armies. In 181."i he declared for Louis XVIII. He wrote Essais sur quclqucs parties d'artillerie ct des fortifications (1811).

CHASSELOUP-LAtJBAT, Justin Napo- leon Samiei. 1'ro.si>ek, Marquis de (180,')-73). A French politician, son of the preceding. He entered the Clianiber of Deputies in 1837, and afterwards became Councilor of State. In the Legislative Assembly of 1840 he was a supporter of Louis Napoleon, who in 18.51 made him Min- ister of JIarine. After the coup d'etat he was elected to the Corps Legislatif. In 1859 he be- came Minister of Colonies, and gave a marked impulse to French colonization. In 1860 he pre- sided over the Council of St«te until the acces- sion of Ollivier.

CHASSEPOT, slias'p6'. A kind of breech- kia<liug rifle. The chasscpot derived its name from its inventor, Antoine Alphouse ChassepOt, and was used by the French during the Franco-Prus- sian War of 1870, hut it has since been super- seded by the modern Lebel magazine rifle. It was, liowever, a great improvement on the rifles or guns jireviously in use, and marked the real com- nieneement of the epoch of needle, breech, and magazine loading firearms generally. The chasse- ])ut had four grooves, and could be fired 12 times a minute. Its range was 1200 yards, and its cartridge had a calibre of .433 inch. See Small Arms. -ha'sS'rf'A'. TiitoooRE (1819- linter. He was born on the near San Domingo. At the entered the atelier of Ingres, had already exhibited in the painted in the manner of his afterwards became an iinita- His masterpiece, the "Tepi- " now in the Louvre, was first

CHASSERIAU, 56). A French p; island of Samanft, age of thirteen he and at sixteen he Salon. At first he m.aster, Ingres, but tor of Delaroche. darium at Pompeii rxliiliited in 1853.

CHASSEURS, sha'ser' (Fr., from chasser, to hunt, chase). A branch of the military forces of France. Before the era of railroads, long- range and rapid-fire artillery and rifles, light cavalry and light infantry were mucli used, and were very necessary, for service in advance or <iii tile flanks of the army. They were designed and equipped for greater mobility than was )iossible for the army as a whole, and were very generally adopted throughout Europe at large, under various titles. The English Rifles and Light Infantry, Prussian and Austrian Jiiger, and later the Italian Bersaglieri, were all of this type, and while they still retain their former titles, the characteristics that once distinguished them have, in the evolution of the science of war- fare, of necessity become general.

Every modern soldier must be a good shot, a marksman or sharp-shooter if possible; and in every branch and detail mobility itself. The chasseurs, who derive their name (Fr., hunt- er) from the same source as the Prussian Jiiger, are divided into two branches: the mounted chasseurs (rhaxscurs-ti-rhcral). or light cavalry, and the dismounted chasseurs (eha^- xrurs-apicd). or light infantry. After the re- (organization of the French .rniy in 1S73 there W'ere twenty regiments of chnDseurx-A-rheral. be- sides four regiments of Chasseurs d'Afrique (regiments raised and e<iuipped for special ser- vice in Africa), and thirty battalions of chas- seurs-apied.