Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/610

CHARTERHOUSE. faith under the Keforiuatiou. The monastery was dissolved in l.")3S. The house passed through various hands, returning to the Crown under Mary by the attainder of the Duke of North- umberland, and under Elizabeth by that of the Duke of Norfolk. The hitter's son, the Earl of Suffolk, sold it in 1011 for £13,000 to Sir Thomas Sutton, whose coal lands in Durham had made him one of the richest Englishmen of his day. He richly endowed it as a hospital or almshouse for poor old nu^ii and a free grammar school, "to feed, clothe, and educate a certain number of poor boys, who witliout such assist- ance would be likely to go untaught." The 'poor brethren' were 80 in number, none being admitted under 50 years of age: they must be bachelors and members of the Church of England. Each bad a separate apartment, a share of attendance from domestics, ami ample, though plain, diet, and an allowance of about £20 a year for clothes and pocket money. This ])art of the institution is best known by the famous description of it given in The Neiccomes by Thackeray, who w'as liimself educated at Charterhouse. The school was not long limited to the forty foundation scholars, and grew until at the present time it ranks among the great puliHc schools of Eng- land. -Vniong tlie eminent men who have been educated here are Blackstone, Addison, Steele, John Wesley, and George Grote. In 1872, the old location amid crowded streets being thought tm- healthy, the school removed to Godalming in Surrey, 30 miles from London. The old i)remises were sold to the Merchant Taylors' School, which is now installed here in handsome new school buildings erected in 187.5. The quaint old hos- pital and chapel, the latter containing Sutton's tomb, still remain. Consult: Heiulricks, The London Charterhouse (London, 1889) ; Haig Brown, Charterhouse. Past and Present (Godal- ming, 1879) ; Eardley-Wilmot and Streatfield, Charterhouse, Old and Jew (London, 1894) ; Tod, Charterhouse (London, 1900) ; Doreau, Henri Till, et les martyrs de la Chartreuse de Londrcs (Paris, 1801).

CHAR'TERIS, Rcniu.LD Hamilton (1835 — ). A Scottish clergyman and educator. He was born in Wamphray, educated in Edinburgh, Tubingen, and Bonn, aiid in 1803 was appointed minister of the Park Parish, Glasgow. From 1868 to 1898 he was professor of biblical criti- cism in Edinburgh, where he is now professor emeritus. He was a royal chaplain in 1869, and in 1892 moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. He has been prominent in the development of many im])ortant Church activities. His publications include a Jjife of Professor James Robertson (1803); Canonicity (1881) ; and .1 Faithful Churchman (1897).

CHARTER OAK. A large tree that stood in Hartford. Conn., until blown down August, 1850, when its age was computed to be nearly 1000 years. The tradition relating to it is as follows: When Sir Edmund Andros was ap- pointed Governor-(eneral of New England he came to Hartford in 1687 to receive the colonial charter. This the colonists were loath to sur- render, but, appearing to submit, carried it to the council-chamber, where, during the debate, the lights were extinguished and in Die ensuing con- fusion the document was carried from the room to its subsequent hiding-place in the hollow of the tree. Here it remained until 1089, when the deposition of Andros made further concealment unnecessary.

CHARTER-PARTY (Er. charte partie, di- vided deed, one part being given to each party concerned; ef. indenture). In maritime law, a contract under seal by the owner or master of a ship, to carry a complete tiargo of goods or to furnish a vessel or part of a vessel for that purpose. It is one form of the contract of affreightment (q.v.), the other being the familiar hill of lading (q.v.), which is employed when goods are shipped to form only a i)art of an in- tended cargo. Sui'h a chart4"r may operate as a lease of the ship itself, which thereupon passes under the control of the charterer; or, more commonly, it confers upon the ship])er the right to have his entire cargo conveyed in the char- tered vessel, in which case the charterer acquires no property right in the ship, nor any voice in its management. In the latter form of charter- party the master or owner of the vessel occupies the position of a common carrier (q.v.). But where the charter transfers the possession and control of the ship, the master is the agent of the charterer, who becomes responsible for his acts and for those of the crew, and who, in the event of the chartered ship's earning salvage, becomes entitled to the salvage award.

The ordinary charter-party describes the par- ties, the ship, and the voyage, stipulates that the ship is seaworthy, and will receive the cargo and perform the voj'age ])romptly, and notes those perils of the sea for which the master and sliii)-owuer will not be responsible. On the part of the freighter, it stipulates to load and unload within a given time, with an allowance of so nsany lay or running days for loading and un- loading the cargo, and the rate and time of pay- ment of the freightage, and date of commence- ment of demurrage, ('onsult Scruttan, Contraets of Affreightment as Expressed in Charter Parties and mils of Lading (4th ed., London, 1899).

CHARTIER, shar'tyiV, Alain (c.1390-c. 1 440 ). A French poet and diplomatist of very great literary inlluence in the Fifteenth Cen- tury, but since then almost forgotten save for the famous kiss bestowed by Margaret of Scot- land, wife of Louis the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XL, on the lips of the sleeping poet, who is said to have been the ugliest man of his day. He studied in Piiris, served diaries Yl. in im- portant negotiations, and Charles VII. as notary and financial secretary, as Avell as on a mission to Scotland. He was prebendary and archdeacon of Notre Dame de Paris. Passages of his BrMaire des Seigneurs were set to be learned by heart by Court pages; Marot and SaintGelais, poets of the second following generation, praise him warmly; the English Lydgate studied and imi- tated him. His poems are mainly of lovers' con- troversy, but his Livre des rjuatre dames and Le ijua'ilrilogue invectif (1422) were evoked by the disasters of Agincourt and show a line patriotic spirit. His Lay de la belle dame sans merei suggested at least a title to Keats. His work shows a boldness and freedom of thought that foreshadow the Renaissance. Consult De- launay. Elude sur Alain Chartier (Paris, 1876).

CHARTISM. A Radical reform movement which grew to culmination in England from 1838 to 1848. Its name originated in (he National or People's Charter, which embodied the