Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/599

* CHARLES XIV. JOHN. 51 '.I CHARLES. 1813). lie forced Denmark in the Treaty of Kiel to give up Xorway, and condueteil the c'ain])aijni for its sulijugatiou (1SI4|. CharU's Xlll. iliod in ISIS, ami was siicveetlej by Priniv t'harles Jolin as Lliavles XIV. Jolm. The jH-rioil of his ailniiiiistvation was charac-terized by profjress in all direi'tions. both public and ))rivate. Charles was the only one of Napoleon's generals who founded a permanent dynasty. He died ilarch 8, IS44. The present royal house of Sweden and Norway is descended from Heriiadotte, but intermarriage with Germans has made it thoroughly Teutonic. See SwKUK.N. Consult: Mereditli, Meinorials of Charles John, King of isucilpii and yoniai/ (London, 182!)) ; Sarrans, Histoire de BernadoUe, Charles A71'. Jean (Paris, 1845) ; Recueil des lettres, discours et prucln mat ions de Charles XIV. Jean (Stockholm, 185S). CHARLES XV. (182G-72). King of Sweden and Norway from 1S.)9 to 1872. He succeeded his father. Oscar I., wlio was a son of Charles XIV. John (q.v.). The rule of Charles was liberal and popular. The most important event was tlip change ( in IStiti ) in the constitution of the Parliament, which has since consisted of two chambers, one elected l)y the provincial rep- resentatives and the other by the people. He had a taste for literature and art. and published a volume of ])oems. In 18.50 he married Louisa, daughter of the King of the Netherlands, by whom he had one daughter, who became the wife of Prince Frederick of Denmark. He died Sep- tember 18, 1872. CHARLES THE BOLD (translation of Fr. Charles Ir Triiirniinn ( 1 4;!:i-77 ). The last Duke of Burgundy. He was the son of Philip the Good, of the House of Valois. and of Isabella of Portugal, and was bom in Dijon, November 10, 1433. During his father's life he bore the title of Count of Charolais. He was of a fiery, am- bitious, and violent disposition. From an early period to the end of his life he was a declared enemy of Louis XI. of France, the nominal feudal superior of Burgundy, and when Louis caused Philip to deliver up some towns on the Sonime, Charles left his father's Court and formed an alliance with the Duke of Brittany and some of the "Treat nobles of France for the maintenance of feudal rights against the Crown. Their forces ravaged Picardy and lle-de-France. threatened Paris, and defeated the King at Montlhery (14(i.5l. The result was a treaty by which the Covint of Charolais obtained the towns on the Somme and the counties of Boulogne. Ouines. and Ponthieu for himself. In 1407 he sticcceded his father as Duke of Burgundy. The Burgiuidian realm comprised Flanders. Brabant, and nearly all the rest of the Netherlands, in adilition to Burgundy and Franche-Comte. Richer and more powerful than any other prince of his time. Charles the Bold conceived the design of restoring the old kingdom of Burgundy, which involved the conquest of Lorraine, Provence, Dauphiny. and part of Switzerland. War raged between him and France afterwards with l)ut little intermission till 147.5. In Septeml)pr of that year Charles fi-und Iiimself at leisure to attempt the prosecu- tion of his favorite scheme of conquest, and soon made himself master of Lorraine. In the follow- ing year he invaded Switzerland, stormed (Iran- snn. but was soon after terrihlv defeated bv the Swiss near that place, and lost his baggage and niucli treasure. Three months later he appeared again in Switzerland with a new army of U0,000 men. and laid siege to ilorat, where he sustained in .June, 1470, another and still more overwhelm- ing tlefeat. Nevertheless he refused to listen to terms and laid siege to Nancy in the fall of 1470. His army was small, and in a battle fought on .January o. 1477, before that town, he was overwhelmed by Kene of Lorraine and his Swiss mercenaries, and lost his life. His daughter and heiress. Alary, married the Emperor Ahi.ximilian L With his life ended the long resistance of the great French vassals to the jjower of the central- ized monarehv. Consult Kirk. History of Charles the If old (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1864-08). CHARLES, Louts .Johx (17711847). Arch- duke of Austria. He was the third son of the Emperor Leopold 11. and was l)orn in Florence, September .5, 1771. He pursue<l his military studies with much ardor; and, having disjilayed great ability in inferior commands in the battles of Jenimapes, Neerwinden. and Wattignies, was intrusted, in 1790, with the chief command of the Austrian Army of the Rhine. After inflict- ing repeated defeats upon iloreau, Jourdan, and Bemadotte, he drove the French across the Rhine and captured the stronghold of Kehl, .Januaiy 10, 1797. In 1799 he was again at the head of the Army of the Rhine, was several times victorious over .Jourdan, protected Suabia. and succesfully opposed ilassena. but sutfered defeat at Ziirich, .Jime 4. In 1800 bad health compelled him to retire from active ser"ice; but lieing appointed (iovemor-Gcneral of Bohemia, he formed a new anny there. After the battle of Hohenlinden ( 1800) he was again called to the chief command, and succeeded in staying the rapid progress of Aloreau, but almost immediately entered into an armistice with him, which was followed by the peace of Luneville. In 1805 he commanded the army opposed to Massena in Italy, and fought the hard battle of Caldiero: but upon bad tidings from Germany, retreated from the left bank of the Adige to Croatia. This retreat was one of his greatest military achievements. Made generalis- simo of the .ustrian forces, he won, in 1809, the great battle of A.spem (q.v.), which first .showed Euro|)e that Napoleon was not invincible : but he did not promptly enough follow up his victory, and Napoleon, who hastened to reinforce his anny. retrieved his fortunes at Wagram. The .Vrchduke was now compelled to give way before the enemy, till he reached Znaim. where an armi- stice was concluded on .July 12th. In the cam- paigns of 1813 and 1814 he had no part. He lived in retirement till his death, which occurred .pril 30, 1847. He was author of Grundsiitze der Stratef/ie (1814). Consult: Duller, Erzlier-
 * .oi} Karl (Vienna. 1844-45) : Zei»^aerg, Erzherzog

Karl (Vienna. 1895). CHARLES, Eltz.beth Rundle (1826-96). . Kii;.'lish religious novelist, the wife of Andrew P. Charles, of London. She wrote Chronicles of the tfvhiinberg-Cotta Famih) (1863), a story of the (ierman Reformation; Diari/ of Mrs. Kitti/ Trerelijan (1804) ; and other popular works of ficdnn. CHARLES, sharl. Jacques Alexandre C£sAit (1740-1822). A French physicist and aeronaut noted for skill in experiments and public <h'mon- strations. He made the first balloon (Charli&re)