Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/579

* CHARDON. 499 CHARGE. CHARDON, shar'doii. A village and coxinty- st'al lit Ciiaujjii Coiintv, Ohio, about 30 miles east by north of C'K'Vclaiul, on the I'ittsbur"; and Wi'stem and the Cleveland and Kastem Subur- ban railroads (Map: Ohio, II 2), It is tlie i-ontre of an afirioultural region. Population, in IS'M), 10S4: in 1!HI(I, 1300. CHARENTE, sliara.Nt' (connected with Olr., Welsh, Corn., Uret. cur, friend. Gall. Carcntiis, 15rit. V'iratitiiiKi!. Lat. emus, dear), A river in the west of France, rising in the Department of Haute-Vienne, about 14 miles northwest of ChA- lus (Map: France. F fil. It first Hows north- west to Ciray. where it turns soiitliward into the Department of Charente to AngoulOnie; thence it Hows westward past Chateaimeuf, Jar- iiac, and Cognac, and, entering Charente-In- ferieure, runs northwest past Saintes, and falls into the Atlantic l)elov Eochefort, opposite the islands OU'ron and Aix. This river gives its name to two departments, remarkable for the productiveness of tlieir vineyards, Lcngtii. 224 miles. The tide is felt as high as Saintes, and the liver is navigable to Angouleme, 104 miles. CHARENTE. A southwestern department of France, named after the Charente River, and formed cliielly out of the old Province of Augou- mois (Map: France. 35 square miles. Population, in 1896, 4.50.014: in 1901, 4.52.140. It is watered on its boundaries by the S&vre-Xiortaise and the Gi- ronde, and in the centre by the navigable Clia- rent« and the coast stream Sendre. The surface is level : the soil produces hemp. flax, saffron, and wine in great quantities. The oyster and pilchard fisheries are important. The chief har- bors are those of Rochefort and La Rochelle : the latter town is the capital of the department. CHARENTON, shiVraN'tOx' (connected with Gall. Cu nil lux, Lat. earns, dear). A town of France, in the Department of Seine, situated on the right bank of the Mame, 5 miles southeast of Paris ( Map : France, C 7 ) . The bridge over the river, which is important from a military point of view, being considered one of the keys of the capital, and which has frequently been the scene of conflicts, is defended by two forts, forming a part of the fortifications of Paris. At the other side of the river is the national Imiatic asylum, formerly called Charenton Saint Maurice and now Saint Maurice simply. The industries of Charenton are piano-making and the manufac- ture of porcelain and india-rubber goods. Popu- lation, in 1901, of town, 17,758: of commune, 17,- 980. CHARENTON - LE - PONT. -If-p0.'. See ClI.r.K.NT.N. CHARES, ka'rez (Lat.. from Gk. X6pK) I ? -C.324 ii.c. ). An Athenian general, the son of Thcochares. He was appointed general in n.c. '.07. anil in the same year relieved the Phliasians, who were besieged by the Argives and Sicyonians. lien Oropus was taken, he was recallcil from the Peloponnesus: but soon after, the .tlunians and Arcadians, having entered into an alliance, rctuniett and made an unsuccessful attempt to seize Corinth. In B.C. 301 he was sent to Cor- cyrji, where, through his uncompromising bear- ing, he destroyed the -Athenian influence. In B.C. 358 or 357 lie was in the Chersonese, whither he hail been sent to demand the withdrawal of Ccrsobleptes. When the Social War broke out and Chios revolteil from Athens, Chares and Chabrias led an attack on the island and town, the former at the head of a land force, the lat- ter with a licet. The att^ick proved unsuccess- ful, Chabrias being killed and Chares forced to retire. In B.C. 350. being sent, in joint command with Iphicrates, Menestheus, and Timotheus, to relieve Samos, he fought alone at Embatta, against the judgment of the other commanders, and was defeated. At the trial of accountability. Chares appeared as the formal accuser of his colleagues, «hi> were convicted and deposed. Chares was now put in sole command, and, in order to secure funds for his troops, he, in B.C. 355, joined the r<4iellious satrap Artabazus, and gained a brilliant victory over the King's forces, iluch booty was obtained, and Chares was re- warded by the Athenians with a golden crown. In n.c. 353 he recaptured Scstos, which had re- volted from Athens during the Social W'ar. and in B.C. 349 he was sent to the aid of OhTithiis, with what result we do not know. In B.C. 338 he fought, as one of the .Athenian generals, at Chicronea. After the seizure of Thebes, his sur- render being demanded by Alexander, he with- drew from Athens, hut appeared again in B.C. 332 at Mitylene, at the head of 2000 Persians. At the approach of the ilacedonian fleet he sur- rendered the town on condition that the troops be allowed to depart in safety. His death took place before the year B.C. 324. CHARES (Gk. XapK). A Grecian worker in bronze, a native of Lindus. and the designer of the Colossus of Rhodes. He lived in the Third Century B.C., and was a pupil of Lysippus. CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE, sha'ret' de 1:1 kuN'tri-', Fkaxcois Atu.vx.^.se (1763-96). A French royalist, born at CoufTc. Loire-Inferieure. In 1793 he became the head of the royalist bands of Lower Poitou. and finally gained control of all of Lower Vendee. His gallant exploits made him dreaded by the Republicans, lie entered into a treaty with the Convention on February 15. 179.5, which, however, did not end the war. After sev- eral leaders of the Vendeeans had been executed by General Hoche. Charette de la Contrie resumed operatiims. He was defeated at SaintCyr and then confined himself to guerrilla warfare. He was severely wounded in one of his encounters with the Republican troops, and was captured, Alarch 29, 1796, and shot at Nantes. CHARGE ( from OF., Fr. charger. It. caricare, to load, from Jled. Lat. carricare, to load a car, from Lat. carriis, car. from Gall, carros, Olr., W'elsh. OBret. corr, car). The quantity of gun- powder or other exjilosive u^>d in loading a gun, torpedo, or projectile. The full or service cluinje of guni)ovder is the amount with which a gun is desij^ied to give its nia.ximum velocity in service. Reduced chariics are used for tar- get j)ractice or for high-angle fire when it is desired to fire over an intervening obstacle and have the shell fall behind it. The charge for a