Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/572

* CHAPEAU DE PAILLE. 492 CHAPEL HILL. CHAPEAU DE PAILLE, shn'ixi' dc pil'y' (l'"r., straw liat). A paiiitinj; l>y Kubens (q.v.), jianging in the Xatioiial (lallfiy, ]>ondon. It represents a young girl elail in a blaek velvet ilress, her laee being elVeetively shaded by a straw hat, broad-brimmed and plumed. The work is noteworthy, as has often been pointed out, from the faet that, despite the shadow cast by the hat, the fnee is brought out in the clearest and most vivid colors. CHAPEL (OF. cliapele, capclc, from Med. I.at. ciiiJilld, chapel, sanctuary for relics, prob- ably referring to the covering of the altar dur- ing' mass, from caiH-llns. diminutive of capa, cnpyu. hood, mantle, of uncertain origin, prob- ably not counwted either with Lat. rupcre, to take, or caput, head). During the :Middle Ages the term grew to signify a small building or room, either detached, annexed to, or an integral part of, a larger structure, and not possessing the full privileges and characteristics of a church. Ordinarily mass could be said in chapels only on certain dates, especially on their saints' days; otherwise they were mainly oratories. Baptism could never be administered in them, nor cemeteries attached to them. The extent of their privileges depended on the pleasure of the local bishop. Kpisco])al i)alaces had their chapels; one of the earliest was that at Ravenna (Fifth Century). The original Papal chapel of the Lateraii Palace was the Sanctum Sanctorum. For a time the chapel in the Papal iialace at Avignon served in that capacity, but now the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican has taken its place. Civil rnlers also had chapels in their palaces. The Byzantine Duke of Rome had his in the old palace of the Ca-sars. That of the doges of Venice was Saint Clark's. Charlemagne had liis largest one at Aix-la-Chapelle, in the present cathedral; that of the niedi:eval emperors was at Goslar. The feudal nobility regarded a chap- el as indispensable in every great castle, as at the Wartburg in (iermany, Couey in France, and later at the chateaux of the dukes of Berry and Burgundy, at Pierrcfonds, Irbino, and elsewhere. In the great conununal palaces of media;val republics there were extremely artistic chapels, as at Xuremberg, Siena, Perugia, and Florence, The great associations, such as the Knights Tem- plars (Tortosa), Knights of Saint John (Krak der Eitter), the Prussian Knights of the Cross (Schloss ^larienburg), had large chapels to hold all the members of the orders. A beautiful mod- ern reproduction of such feudal mediaeval cliai)els is at Neuschwanstein, in the Bavarian highlands — the masterpiece <if King Ludwig. Other cor- porations, such as universities and guilds, either had sojiarate structures or chapels in their larger buildings. Another class of chapels is that connected with a church. Before the Eighth Century it was rare for chapels or oratories to form an integral part of any church, or for any alt^r to be erect- ed except in the main apse, and later in each of the two side apses. But after this date, with the nuiltiplication of relics and the increased fervor of the worship of saints, altars were multiplied in chapels which were at first excrescences from, but soon became a part of the plan of, the church itself. The richness of the choir of Romanesque and Gothic churches is due to the symmetrical projection of radiating chapels. Often the cen- tral chapel, or l.-vdy chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was longer than the rest. Some- times a continuous line of chapels opened out of the side aisles, as in Xotre Dame in Paris (Twelfth Century) and a multitude of later churches. In this way it was jiossible to pay special separate devotion to eacli .saint whose reliefs were preserved in any church, and to allow wealthy families to build separate chapels for their patron saints. These private chapels were used as family oratories, as burial-places for its members, and were decorated with ])aintings and sculptures at its expense. Another cla.ss is composed of the nuniennis small ])laces of prayer and worship scattered over the country and not connected with any church; such as chapels of stations oif the cross, votive chapels on the site of some miracle, and wayside shrines. The term is also applied to places of worship erected by Dissenters in England, the term church being restricted by usage to the buildings of the Estab- lishment. Our modem universities have their eliai)els for faculty and students, such as the Battell Chapel at Vale and the Marquand Chapel at Princet(m, in imitation of the 7nagnificent chapels ))ossessed by each college at Oxford and Cambridge. There are also si)ecial classes of chantry, domestic, memorial, mortuary, parochi- al, and ])roprictary chapels. Consult JIartin, lldmuil of Ecclesiu/itical Architecture (Cincin- nati, 1897). CHAPELAIN, sh;rpl;-iN', Je. (l,50,5-lti74). A French poet and man of letters, born in Paris. He was one of the first and most intluential members of the Academy. His scholarly in- stincts prompted him to pursue classical studies. He was for many years tutor of the sons of Grand Provost (le la Trousse. He Arote a preface for Marini's notorious Adoiw, then trans- lated the Cliizmnn de .Ufaraclie of .Meman, and by four inferior odes won from Kicliclieu a pen- sion and a place in. the new .cademy. Here he helped Richelieu with his dramas, planned the Academy's (Irammnr and Diclioixirii. and edited its ol)servations, made to luder. on Corneille's Cifl. In Ki.^O he ]ndilished half of a long-heralded epic on .Joan of .rc. /.« puccllc d'Orleans. His literary reputation now ccdlapsed under a slunver of ei)igrams from Boileau. l■'ureti^re. and Mont- dor. The manuscript of the latter half of tlic epic remains still unpublished in the National Library. Yet when, in 10(i2, Chapelain was asked by Colbert to draw up a memorial to guide the King in pensioning literaiy men, he showed him- self learned, just, and generous. He continued a favorite of the Court: but though in his earlier years an excellent and amiable man, in idd age he became miseily to a degree that is said to have occasioned his death. His Leltrra. edited in part by T. dc Larroque (2 vols., Paris, 1880-S:i), are of great interest. Consult: E. de Mol&nes, La puerile, pur .lean t'liuprhiiii (Paris, IS!)!); Fabre, Chapelain ct no/t deux preinidres Acade- mies (Paris, 1890) ; and Jlilhlan, Jean Chape- lain: Eine biographisch-kriiische Studie (Leip- zig, 1893). CHAP'EL HILL. A town in Orange County, X. C. 1;; miles southwest of Durham, on a branch of the Southern Railroad (Map: North Carolina, D 2), It is the seat of the University of North Carolina (q.v.). Settled at the close of the Eighteenth Century, the town was incor- porated in 18.51, and is now governed under a