Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/566

* CHANDOGYA. 486 CHANLEB. up to the present day form the important Chun- doytiti I'paiii.'ihad, treatin;; of thu values of the sacroil sylhible Om. It has been translated by Jliiller in Vol. I. of the iSiicnil liuuhs of the J-Jaxt. CHANDRAGUPTA, (■bi-in'drA-goop'tj. See .SA.NIlKniOL 1 IS. CHANDRAKANTA, chun'dnVkiin'ta { Skt., l)eautiful ;is the moon, from coiidra, moon + kanta, lovely, from lam. to love). The moon- stone; a jewel, in Hindu legend, said to be formed of congealed moon-rays and to be dis- soluble under that planet's light. CHAN'FRON. .See Chamfro.x. CHANGARNIER, shax'gar'nyft', Nicolas j>"?iE TiiiioiiLLE I 1703-1877 1. A French gen- eral, born at Autun. He was educated at the military school of Suint-Cyr, entered the army, and took part, in ISii.!. in the Spanish expedition. Jn 1S30 he went as captain to Algeria, where he distinguished himself, and rose to the rank of general of division. After the Revolution of 1848 he superseded Cavaignac (q.v.) as Gover- nor of Algeria, but when chosen a member of the National Assembly he returned to Paris in the same year and was appointed commander-in- chief of the National Guard, and, when Louis Napoleon became I'resident, of the troops in, Paris. He was a member of the Assembly, and held at the same time his double office in the army, until the coup d'etat of December, ISol, when he was e.Kiled. He returned to France in 1859 after the proclamation of general aniiesty. On the outbreak of the Franco-Geniian War, C'hangarnicr ofl'ered his services to the (Jcivern- ment. Imt they were rejected by Marshal Lcbu'uf, the Minister of War. In August, however, the Kmperor asked him to join the army of Bazaine. He assisted in the defense of Jletz, and was em- ployed by ]!azaine in the negotiations with Prince Frederick Charles which led to the capitulation of Bazaine's army, on October 27. 1870. He re- turned to France in 1871 and served in the As- sembly until 1873, when he ])articipatcd in the proceedings which cau>cd the downfall of Thiers. In 1875 he voted against the constitutional law recognizing the Kcpulilic, and in the Senate, of which he was made a life member, in the same j'ear, he showed himself an enemy of Republican institutions. He died in Paris, Februarv 14, 1S77. CHANG-CHO"W, ehang'chou'. The capital of the Department of Chang-chow, Fu-kien, China, on the Kiu-lung estuan', 35 miles west of Amoy ( Map: China, E 7). It is a walled city, inclosed within a circuit of 4ti: miles, and has broad granite-]>aved streets with fine stores. The chief building is a Buddhist temple, dating from the Eighth Century. A wooden bridge nearly 800 feet long, resting on twenty-five stone piles, spans the river. "The town has manu- factures of silk, sugar, crystal, and bricks, and carries on an extensive domestic and export trade in tea and sugar. Po|)ulation, estimated, between 000.000 and 1,000,000. CHANGELING. It was at one time a com- mmi t iliipn that infants were taken from their cradles by fairies, who left instead their own weakly an<! staning elves. The children so left were called chdiifirliiiiif:. and wer<' known by their peevishness, and their backwardness in walking and speaking. As it was supposed tli:it the fairies had no power to change children that had bf«n christened, infants were carefully watched until such time as that ceremony had been performed. This superstition is alluded to by Shakc>i)cari S|)enser, and other poets. CHANGELING, The. A drama, by Middle- ton and Rowley. ])roduced in 11)23. and published in quarto in 1653. After the Restoration, in 1061, it was successfully revived. It is in great measure founded on an ej)isode in Reynolds's The Triiituplis of iiinVs ftrrctKjc. CHANGE-OF-DAY LINE. See Interna- tional 1>ATI;-1-I.NE. CHANGO, ehan'gfi. A dwarfish tribe living iiCthe rainless coast region bordering upon the desert of Atacama. norllicrn Chile. They subsist entirely upon sea-food. The men are said to average but four feet nine inches in height. Little is known concerning their language. CHANG-SHA, chiing'shil'. Capital of the Chinese Province i>f llu-nan. situated on the Sian-kiang, about 350 miles north of Canton (Map: China, D 0). It is surrounded by a wall and has an important silk indu-try. Population, estimated at 300,1)00. CHANK-SHELL (Hind, .wn/./i, from Skt. S(iiil:Iiii. conch-shcll ). The top-shaped shell of any of several gastro]iod mollusks of the genus Turbinella. specifically Tiirliinella pi/rum. They are obtained chiefiy by diving in water 12 or 15 feet deep, along the coasts of southern India and Ceylon, the chief fishery being at Tuti<'orin, on the Gulf of !Manar, Avhere about 325.000 are obtained each winter, and are chiefly sent to 1. Chank-Shell. 2. Arm oj Yislinu, with Cliank-Shell. Dacca. They are much used as ornaments, often elaborately carved, by Hindu women, the arms and legs being encircled with them: and man}- of them are buried with the l)odies of opulent persons. This esteem among the Hindus is due to the fact that the shell is a sacred emblem of Vishnu, who is usually represented as ln)Ming' nnc. CHANLER, Wii.UA.M A.stor (1867—). An American politician and traveler, born in New- port, R. I. After expensive foreign tours, he iimlertook, with Chevalier Liulwig von Hiihnel, the exploration of the region east and west of Mount Kenia, in Africa. They left Zanzibar in Sciitember. 1S02. and reached the coast again in .luly. 1803. Their experiences and scientific W(U-k on this trip Chanler embodied in his book, Thri.iigh Jungle ,in,l p, y, ,1 (ISOfi). TTpon his