Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/533

* CHJEBEA. 455 CHAGOS ISLANDS. nient of the re])ublie. but. when on the following day Claudius was prorlaiuifd Empoior by the soldiers, he was e.xeeuted by order of the new ruler. CHiEBEAS (ke'n'as) AND CAXLIRHOE, ka-lirVi-O. .Vtireek roimuiee.byaii unknown writer, calling himself "Cliariton of Aphrodisias,' vari- ously placed between the Fifth and Ninth cen- turies A.D. The heroine is married to ('h;ereas, and soon apparently dies, but comes to life in the tonih. She is carried oir by robbers, and after various adventures is restored to her husband. The work was printed from the only known man- uscript by .James Philip d'Orville. at Amsterdam, in 17.">0. with a ccnnplete connnentary. It has been translated into the principal modern languages. CH:.a;KONEA, ker'6-ne'il (Lat., from Gk Sai- piivtLa, Chuiroitcia). An ancient town of Boeo- tia, near the Cephissus, on the borders of Phocis. Here, in B.C. 33S, Philip of Macedon signally defeated the united forces of the Athe- nians and Boeotians, and so crushed the liberties of Greece. A moiuid of earth, about a mile from the modem village of Kaproena, which occupies the site of the old citj-, still marks the place where the Thebans who fell in the battle were buried : the grave was also marked by a magnif- icent colossal lion, which survived until the Greek war of liberation, when it was blown up by a Greek guerrilla, who believed it to contain treasure. .t Chsenmea also, B.C. 86. Sulla de- feated Archelaus. the general of Mithridates. Plutarch (q.v.) was a native of this town. CH.a:TODONTID.a;, ke'to-don'ti-de (Neo- l.at. nom. pi., from Gk. x'"?' didte, mane + 6doi!, orfoi/s, tooth) . A family of tropical spiny- rayed fishes. See Bt'TTERFiA'-FiSH. CH^TOGNATHA, ke-tog'na-tha (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. x<^">;, chaitf: mane + 7Kltos gnalliox. jaw). Marine annelids, cylindrical or fish-shaped, forming a group of the phylum Xema- thelminthes. It includes the arrow-w^orms (Sa- gittal and the related genus Spadella. CH.ffiTOPODA, ke-top'u-da (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. xalrr], chaitc, mane + xoiJs, pous, foot I. Marine worms. See Annclata. CHAFARINAS, cha-fa-re'nas, or Zaffaju- SES. A group of three small islands belonging to Spain, situated off the coast of Morocco, opposite the month of the >Iuluya River, in longitude 2" 2ti' W. The Chafarinas, the Tres Insula: of the ancients, have long been known for the natural harbor or refuge they ail'ord. There are fortifica- tions on the middle island. Spain took posses- sion of the group in 1848. Population, in 1900, 42fi. CHAFER, or COCKCHAFER (AS. ceafor, Ger. Kiifrr, OHG. lovnr, clirruro; probably con- nected with Ger. Kiefer^ MHG. kiver, AS. ceafl, OS. kafl, jaw-bone), etc. A beetle; properly one injurious to wood. In Kngland all scarabs (dung-beetles) are so called, the name being found frequently as the last part of such compounds as cockchafer, leaf - chafer, rose - chafer, etc. The cockchafer, May-beetle, or dor-bug (Melolnntha vulpari.i) is substantially the same as the June- bug (q.v. ) of the United States. CHAF'FEE, Ad>-a Romanza (1842—). An American soldier. He was bom at Orwell. Ohio, and in 1801 entered the Sixth United States Cavalry. He was promoted to be first lieutenant in 1805, and in the same year received the brevet of captain for gallant conduct at Dinwiddle Court House. In 1897 he was made lieutenant- colonel, and in 1898 .saw service in Cuba during the Spanisli-American War, distinguishing him- self at El Caney, and was brevetted majcir-general of volunti>ers. In 1900 he was sent to take com- mand of the United States forces in China, being ]iromote(l to be major-general of volunteers, and took an important part in the expedition against Peking. Subsequently he was i)ut in command of the I'nited Stales army in the Philippine Is- lands. In 1901 he was appointed major-general in the reiiular army. CHAFFINCH (so called because the finch is fond of chaff or grain). A handsome and fa- miliar European finch (FringiUa cwlebs) and one of the foremost cage-birds, especially in Ger- many. It is common in England and known there by many provincial names. The male, in summer, has the top of the head and nape of the neck bluish-gra}-; the back chestnut; the wings almost black, with two conspicuous white bars; the tail nearly black. The colors of the female (and of the male in winter) are much duller than those of the summer male. In the colder northern countries it is migratory, but spends the w-inter in flocks in England and all around the Mediterranean, where it is shot in great numbers for market, especially in Italy. It builds a very soft and beautiful nest, garnished with lichens and placed in a bush, and lays spotted eggs. Its food is highly varied and its habits generally are typically fringilline. The chaffinch is one of the birds most sought by bird-catchers, as well as reared from the nest, to be a cage songster. Its naturallj' loud, clear, and trilling voice is susceptible of being trained almost to articulate human words; and so docile is it that the German bird-trainers teach these finches several distinct tunes and trills besides cultivating their own powers of melody and imi- tation. Bechstein, in yaturgcxchichte tier Htu- benriigcl ((lOtha, 1792), gives an extended ac- count of these vocal accomplishments, the proper acquirement of which renders chaffinches among the most valuable of cage-birds. See Cage-Bird, and Plate of Cage-Birds. CHAGA, cha'ga, or WA CHAGA, wii cha'g;'- A Bantu people on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, German East Africa. Thej- are an interesting people, friendly, exceedingly supersti- tious, much harassed by the JIasai, and in turn raiding the Va Gweno and other tribes. The Chaga possess considerable skill in iron-working, their assegais being the largest and finest in .frica. Their hide shields are large, oval, decorated with totemic symbols. They employ ])oisoned arrows. They brew beer in large wooden vessels, and have partially domesticated the wild bee. They hunt also the abundant fauna on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, but do not ascend very high up the mountains. CHAGOS (chli'gfts) ISLANDS. A small archipelago in the Indian cean. situated between latitudes 4° .30' and 7° 30' S. and longitudes 71° 1.5' and 72° 40' E. (Map: Worhl. Eastern Hemi- sphere, K 28). They are mostly of coral forma- tion. The chief island of the group. Diego Garcia, is over 12 miles long and over miles wide, and has a population of 700. The chief product is cocoanut oil. The group belongs to