Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/532

* CHAD. 454 CHOREA. was probably the Ki.ra T.ake of the Midillc Ages. In niodeni times it was first visited l)v Denhani and Chippcrton in S2^, and later explored by Oberwef; in 1851, Barth in 1852, and Naohtigal in IS71 7-i. CHAD'BAND, Kkv. Me. An oily hypocrite in Dickens's Bleak House. He delivers impressive lectures to 'Guster' and 'Joe,' the erossinji-sweep- er, on the subject of 'terewth' (truth). Ilis wife had been nurse of Esther Suinnierson. CHADBOURNE, ehrid1)ern, Paul Ansel ( lS2;i-S;! ). . -Vineriean edvicator. He was born in North Berwick, Maine ; <;raduated at Williams College in 1848, and became profes- sor of chemistry and physics there in 1853. In 185S, without giving up his duties at Williams- town, he taught the same subjects at Bowdoin College and at the Berkshire iledical College. In 1800 he became first president of the Massa- chusetts Agricultural College, and in 1807 was chosen president of the University of Wiscon- sin. He was elected to succeed Jlark Hopkins as president of Williams College in 1872, but re- signed in 1881, and in the following year again became president of the Ma-ssachusetts Agricul- tural College. During all this time he took an active part in politics, sitting twice in the Mas- sachusetts Senate, besides carrj-ing on manu- facturing enterprises. He wrote atural Theol- ogy (1807) and Instinct in Animals and Men (1872), and edited Puhlic Service of the State of New York (1881). CHAD1»ERT0N. A manufacturing town in Lancashire. England, adjacent to Oldliara (q.v.). Pojmlation in 1891, 22,100; in 1901, 24,900. CHAD'RON. A city and county - seat of Dawes C!ounty, Neb., 55 miles east by south of the northwestern corner of the State; on the Fremont, Elkhorn, and Missouri Valley Rail- road (Map: Nebraska, B IK The most impor- tant city of an extensive tract of territory, it is the centre of considerable wholesale interests, and of an export trade in live stock. There are also some industrial establishments. Popula- tion in 1S90, 1807; in 1900, 1G05. CHAD'WICK, Sir Edwin (1800-90). An PJnglish social and sanitary reformer, bom near Rochdale. He studied law, but early gave his attention to social and sanitary questions. An article on "Life Assurance" gained him the friend- sliip of George Grote, and one cm "Preventive Police," of Jeremj' Bentham, whose private secre- tary he became. In 1832 he received an appoint- ment as assistant commissioner on the first Eng- lish Poor Law Commission, and to him were largely due the radi< l reforms riiade in the sys- tem of poor relief. Tliis was followed by his appointment as secretary of the Poor Law Board, in which office and on the Board of Health for twenty years he carried out beneficent reforms. To him England owed its first Sanitary' Com- mission, organized in 1838, and the Registrar General's office was established through his in- itiative. He retired on a pension in 1854. He .subsequently took great interest in promoting competitive examinations for Government offices. ami indeed in almost all questions of social econ- omy. He was long an active member of the As- sociation for the Promotion of Social Science, and of the British Association for Ihe Advance- ment of Science. CHADWICK, Geobge Whitfield (1854—). An .Xmeritan composer, born in Lowell, Mass. He studied under Eugene Thayer in America, .uid vuuler Jadassohn, lleinecke, aud Rheinbergcr in Europe, where he went in 1877. Returning to America in 1S80, he became organist in the South Congregational Church, Boston, and instructor in harmony and composition in the Xcw England Conservatorj" of Music, of which he becaiiie direc- tor. Ilis works include: The 'ikiiig's Last Xoyage (1881); three overtures, Thalia, Melpo- mene, and J{ip Van Witikle; and music for the Columbian Ode, sung at the opening of the World's Fair at Chicago, in 1893. His most noteworthy work is Judith (1901), a Ij'ric drama, which was heralded as an example of Twentieth Century oratorio. He regularly con- ducts the Springfield and Worcester, !Mass., fes- tivals. CHADWICK, J.MES Read (1844—). An American gynecologist. He was horn in Boston, and graduated at Harvard University in 1805, and at the Harvard Medical School in 1871. He founded the American Gynccologic:il Society, was its secretary from 1870 to 1882, aud became its president in 1897. He became librarian of the Boston Medical Library Association in 1875, and president of the Massachusetts Cremation Society in 1892. CHADWICK, .ToTiN White (1840-1904). An American clergyman of the Unitarian Church, born in Marlileliead. Mass. For a time he was a shoemaker. He graduated in 1804 at the Harvard Divinity School, and was in the same year ordained to the Unitarian ministry and in- stalled as pastor of the Second Unitarian Clnireh of Brooklyn, N. Y. He is known as one of the prominent preachers of his denomination, of whose most advaiu'cd thought he was a represen- tative. His published discourses, including Some Aspects of Ilclifjion (1879); Belief and Life (1881): Origin' and Destiny (1883); and A Daring Faith (1885), have been extensively read, and have been characterized as constituting "a noble body of ethical literature." Best knovTi. however, of his litcrarv works, are his collections, A Book of Poems ("1876; 7th ed., 1885); In Nazareth Town; A Christmas Fantasy, and Other I'oems (1883) ; and A Few Verses (1900). Among his other publications may be cited a biographv of Rev. N. A. Staples ("l870) ; The BiUe of To Day (1875); The Faith of lieason (1879) : Old and New Unitarian Belief (1894) ; and Theodore Parker, Preacher, Reformer (1900). CH.a;NOHORPH.ffi, ke'no-nior'f^ (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from tik. x"''*"'. chainein, to gape -f- iu>pif>-li, niorphc, form). An order of birds, cm- bracing the ducks, geese, swans, screamers, and flamingos and their a'llies. They are character- ized by cranial features in common, being des- mognathous. with the palatal bones united .across the median line. CHOREA, k^-re'a, Gaius Cassius. The munlenr of the Emperor Caligula (q.v.). He was tribune of the pretorian cohort. With Cornelius Sabinus and others he formed a con- spiracy, and on January 24, A.i). 41, the fourth day of the Palatine (iames in honor of .ugustus, was the first to strike down the Emperor as the latter returned through the palace. He lent his aid to the senatorial scheme for the reestablish-