Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/530

* C. G. S. 452 CHABRIAS. It has been adopted by all scientific bodies, by most governnipnts, and is in daily commercial use at the present time (1002) by all the lead- ing nations of the world except Russia, Great Britain, and the t'nited States. The centimeter has a length which is the one- hundredth of that of a certain platinvnn bar kept in Paris, known as the mdre drs urrhivcs, the length being measured when the bar is at the temperature of 0° Centigrade. Its abbreviation is 'cm.' The gram has a mass which is the one- thousandth of that of a piece of platinum kept in Paris, known as the kilogramme dcs archives. Its ablireviation is 'gm.' The mean solar second is an interval of time such that 60 X 60 X 24 of them compose a mean solar day — that is, the length of time such that 30.5 of them compose a vear. The abl)reviation of the second is 'sec' It should be noted that the meter is nearly onc-ten-niillionth of the distance from the pole of the earth to the equator, measured along any meridian on the earth's surface. Furtlicr, the gram has very exactly the same mass as one cubic centimeter of distilled water at 4° C. (its temperature of maximum density), and at normal atmospheric pressure, for the most ac- curate results give for this mass 0.991H)G gram. A liler is the volume occupied by one kilogram of pure water at 4° and at normal pressure. Various nmltiples and fractions of these units have received names. (See Metric System.) Thus, one thousand meters is called a kilometer ; one-tenth of a centimeter a millimeter; one- thousandth of a millimeter a micron, whose abbreviation or symbol is '/i' ; one-thousandth of a micron, or one-millionth of a millimeter. has the symbol '/i/i.' The other divisions of the meter and those of the gram have the usual decimal names and notations. The words 'min- utes,' 'hours,' etc., require no explanation. Units for the various mechanical quantities are based directly on the centimeter, gram, and second. Thus, a unit velocity on the C. G. S. system is a speed of one centimeter per second in a definite direction, etc. (See .MErnA>Tc.s and 5Iech. icai, Units.) A unit force is called a dime; a unit of energy an erg; but these units are incon- veniently small, and so multiples of them are used in general. A megadt/ne is 1,000.000 or 10" dynes: a joule is 10,000,000, or 10' ergs. The practical unit of pressure is, therefore, 1 mega- dyne per square centimeter, and is called a harie; the practical unit of power or activity is 1 joule per second, and it is called a icait. There are also several sets of electrical units (q.v. ), based on these mechanical ones, as are also the ordinary units for measuring heat en- erg>^ and photometric quantities. (See Heat; and Photometry.) Consult Everett, Illustra- tions of the Centimetre-Gramme System (Lon- don. 1S75). CHABANEAU, sbi'i'bft'ny, CAiriiXE (1831 — ). A French philologist, born at Nontron, Dor- <iogne. His first work, Histoire et thcorie de la fonjugaison frani;aise (1808), attracted consider- able attention, and be afterwards became pro- fessor of the French language and literature of tbe Middle .ges at Montpellier. and collaborator in the Ueruc des hmgues romuncs (1872). Among his works are: Grammaire limousine (1876) ; La langue et la littcrature proven<;ales (1870); and Biographies des troiihadours en langue prorensale (1885). CHABAS. sh:Vba', Francois Jo.sepu (1817- 82). A Irench Egyptologist. Though engaged in business as a wine merchant throughout nu)st of his life, at Chfilon-surSaOne, he became a leading authority on Egyptian anha'ology. In 1873 he declined the chair of Egyptian language and arclucology in the College de France. Of bis numerous i>uhlications. some of the most valuable are translations of hieroglyphic and hieratic writings. Among them are: Lc pa/ii/rus magiijue Harris (1801); ^'o^agc d'un Egyptien en >S'i/n'e, en I'h&nicie et en Palestine au XIV. siccle avant noire ere (1866); and liccherches pour servir a I'histoire de la XIX. dynastie (1873). CHABASITE, k.-ib'i-slt. See Zeolite. CHABLAIS, sha'blu'. An old division of the Province of Annecy, in Savoy, now the ar- nindissement of Thonon, Department of Haute- Savoic, France, bordering on Lake Geneva. CHABOT, shiVbcV, Francois (17.i004). A French Revolutionist, born at Saint-Geniez-Dol (Rouergue). Originally a Capuchin monk, he abandoned the order, and identified himself with the Revolutionary movements. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1701, and to the Con- vention in 1702. He joined the Cordeliers Club, and became known as a violent extremist. It was on his motion that Noire Dame was made the Temple of Reason, and it was he who origi- nated the designation 'La ilontagne' for the rabid legislators occupying the topmost seats. Publicly accused by Robespierre, he was con- denuied with the Dantoiiists, and, after an un- successful attempt at suicide, was guillotined. CHABOT, Puii.ippE DE. Seigneur de lirion and Conitc ile Charni (1480-1543). A French general and admiral. He defended Marseilles in 1524, and in 1525 was made prisoner at Pavia. On his release be was made admiral, and in 1535 commander-in-chief. In 1541 he was convicted of fraiid against the national treasury, on charges ))refcrrcd by the Const ;ible ^Montmorency, but was pardoned by King Fran- cis I. He was the patron of .lacques Cartier, the famous explorer, and is said to have been the first to suggest the colonization of Canada. He was known as the Admiral de Brion. CHABRIAS, kil'bri-os (Lat., from Gk. Xo- /3/jias) ( i!.c. '.'-357). An Athenian general, the son of Ctesippus. He was first made general in B.C. 300, wlien he took part in the Tbracian expedition of Tbrasybulus. From this time until his death, in 357, he was in almost con- stant service. In 388, while on his way to Cy- prus to support King Evagoras against the Per- sians, he defeated the Spartans at .Egina. In 378, by bringing into operation a new mancEUvre — that of awaiting the charge of the enemy with one knee braced against the shield and the spe;r held in position for throwing — he compelled Agesilaus, who had invaded Bcvotia, to with- draw without fighting. In n.c. 370 he defeated tbe Lacedirmonians at Naxos. At this time many islands and towns were brought, through his efforts, into the new Athenian League. In 373 be was general with Iphicrates, and in 300 he fought against the Thebans in Peloponnesus. In 367-00 he was charged with treason in con- ncttion with the seizure of Oropis by the The- bans, but was acquitted. In 357 he was tricrarch