Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/525

* CETUS. 447 CEYLON. comparative uiiinipi)rtance of a telescopic star of the ninth magnitude. CEXJLEN, kr-'lcn, Corneus J. vax (1594- 1U4). A UuLoli painter, horn in London. His earlier work shows the inlluonoe of an Dyke, but after returning to Holland liis style became more individual, and his portraits, though a' trille monotonous, are well drawn. His finest picture is at The Hague: '"The Magistrates of the Town Seated Around a Table." There are portraits by liini in Paris, Berlin, Dresden, and London, and Uiany in Holland. CEUTA. thA'ixT-ta. Tlic chief Spanish penal settlement or presidio, on the northern coast of Africa, situated on a small promontory in Morocco, about 17 miles south of tJibniltar (Ma].: Africa, D 1). It is well fortified by a eitadd and several batteries and is comparative- ly well built. It has a cathedral, and is the scat of a bishop, and administratively be- longs to the Province of Cadiz. Its harbor is small and unprotected. The population (1900), 13,843, is composed of Spaniards, Moors, Ne- groes, and Jews, and includes a considerable number of convicts. Ceula is of Roman origin. It passed in 1415 from the floors to the Portu- guese, and in 15S0 was anne.xed with all the Portuguese territories to Spain, in whose pos- session it has since remained. CEVA, cha'va, Tomm.so (IG4S173C). An Italian mathematician and poet, born in !Milan. His De yatiira Gravitim (1669) was the first ex- position of Xewton's law of gravitation published in Italy. He invented an instrument for the tri- section of angles, and published valuable investi- gations in his Opusculn Mathematica (1699). His poem Pticr Jesus (1699; edited by Broxner, 1S42), in epic manner, is of worth. CEVADILTLA. See Sabadilla. CEVAXLOS, tha-vUl'los, Pedbo (1761-1838). A S|>anish jjolitician and diplomat, bom in San- tander (in the province of that name). He was educated in Valladolid, and appointed secretary to the embassy in Lisbon. In the confusion inci- dent to Napoleon's interference in Spanish affairs, he took sides with the Crown Prince Ferdinand (afterwards Ferdinand VII.), whom he advised to arrange the interview with Napoleon at Ba- yonne. He was afterwards a member of the Junta of the Spanish insurgents, and acted as agent of that interest in London. In 1808 he published his Exposition des fails ct des traines, qiii'ont prepare Voicupulion de la coiironne d'EsiMipne, descriptive of Napoleonic methods. He continued prominent during the struggle for independence, and was for a time a Cabinet min- ist<>r under Ferdinand VII. lie also held posts as Ambassador at Naples and Vienna. C^VENNES, sa'ven' ( ancient Gehenna ). The chief mountain range in the south of France (Jlap: France, K 7). Divided into two groups, the Northern and Southern Cevennes. they form the watershed between the river system of the Rhone on one side and those of the Garonne and Loire on the other. Their general direction is from northeast to southwest, commencing at the southern extremity of the Lyonnais Mountains, and extending under diflerent local names as far as the Canal du Midi, where they approach the northern ofTsets of the Pyrenees. The central mass of the GPvennes lies in the departments I.oz?re and Ard^che, Mont l^ff-zenc (the cuhni- nating point of the chain) having an elevation of 5754 feet. The average height is from 3000 to 4000 feet. The masses consist chiefly of amphi- bolic rocks, graywacke, and limestone, covered with Tertiary formations, which in many places are interrupted by volcanic rocks. The Cevennes b.ave been celebrated as the arena of religious arfare. They were the scene of the j)ersecutions of the Albigenses (q.v. ) and the Waldenses (q.v.) in the Middle Ages and of the Cami- sards (q.v.) in the Seventeenth Century. Con- sult: R. L. Stevenson, Trorels with a Donkey in llic Cevennes (9th ed., London, 1895) ; Ribard, L'hisioire ccvenale d'apris des doounwnts (Cazil- lac, 1898). CfiVENOLE (sa've-nol') RACE. A term ap- ])lied by Deniker to the Celtic or Alpine short- headed type of Europeans, also called Occidental. The name is derived from the Cevennes. in France, the locality of its most characteristic type. Consult Deniker, Races of Man (London, 1900). CEYLON, se-lon' or sl-lon' (Hind. Silan, Pali ifilialana, from Skt. tUmhala, Ceylon, from sitnha, lion ; Lat. Taprobane, from Gk. Tairpo^drr/, from Skt. lamrapunin, copper-leaf, on account of the shape of the island, from tantru. copjjcr -f- parna, leaf; the Skt. name of the island is Lanka). An island in the Indian Ocean, and a Crown colony of Great Britain, situated southeast of the Indian peninsula, from which it is sepa- rated by Palk Strait and the Gulf of Manar ( Jlap : India, D 7 ). Its location is between lati- tudes 5° 55' and 9° 51' N., and between longitudes 79° 41' and 81° 54' E. It is almost pear-shaped, having a length of abimt 206 miles, and a width varj'ing from 32 to 140 miles, with a total area of over 25,300 square miles. Phystcal Features. In its northern part, Ceylon is a level country, interspersed here and there with low hill chains. The southern part, cm the contrary, is mountainous in its character. The mountain masses of the island cover an area of over 4000 square miles and run in various directions with a gradual decline toward the north. The highest peaks are Pedrotallagalla (82S0 feet), and Adam's Peak (7420 feet), a fa- mous place of pilgrimage among Oriental nations and especially held in high esteem by the Bud- dhists. Geologically the northern part of Ceylon shows a predominance of coral limestone, while the prevailing composition of the mountains is gneiss occasionally intersected with veins of quartz and sometimes overlaid with clay or limestone. Ceylon has numerous rivers, mostly dependent on the rains for their water. The lirincipal of them is the Mahavela-ganga, rising in the moimtains in the vicinity of Adam's Peak and falling into the ocean near Trincomali Bay. It is quite deep and even navigable for a short distance during the rainy season, but is easily forded in the dry season. There are ancient re- mains of dams and canals which formerly con- nected extensive lagoons along the east coast. The climate of Ceylon, although superior to that of most tropical countries, is still sulTi- ciently unhealthful, especially in the low regions, to prevent Etiropcan immigration on a large scale. In some parts of the island there is prac- tically only one season, a humid and oppressive heat interrupted now and then by copious show- ers. The average annual temperature ranges from about 70° to 90°. in accordance with the