Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/524

* CESTtrS. 446 CETUS. or even almost wholly replaced by metal. With such a weapon it is no wonder that we hear of serious injury and even death as a result of the pugilistic encounters. CETACEA, se-tri'.sh»'-! (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from l.at. ccttis, Gk. KrjTos, L-(los, whale). An order of aquatic mammals, comjirising the whales, dolphiiis, ami por])oises. The members of this order, in becoming more jierfeclly adapted to an aquatic life, have abandoned the normal form, and assumed the outward form and much of the internal structure of lisb. Tlicir bodies are fish- like, with smooth skins. Their pectoral or fore limlis are reduced to paddles that perform the functions of the jwctoral tins of fish; their pelvic or hind limbs have disappeared entirely, and the pelvis itself has become reduced to a pair of hori- zontal bones that are remnants of the isehia. The tail is provided with a horizontal caudal fin, and a posterior dorsal tin is usually present on the back. There are also important modifications in The vertebral column and skull. The order com- ])rises three suborders: Archa-oeeti, all extinct animals, with long snouts, forward nostrils, and heterodont teeth : Odontoceti, including several families and about 60 species, comprising the toothed whales, with porpoises, dolphins, belugas, killers, etc., of small size, and the huge sperm- whales; and Mystacoceti, with nostrils far back, and their jaws bearing whalebone instead of teeth, as in the. whalebone whale. For detailed descriptions and habits, see articles on the diflfer- ent members of the order. Fos.sii. Cetacea. Fossil forms of the Cetacca are not common, and the evolution of the order cannot be satisfactorily traced. The earliest representative is the genus Zeuglodon, the only member of the suborder Archa'oceti. This geims appears in the Eocene rocks of Europe, North Africa, and North .meriea, and its skull pre- sents closer resemblanees to the normal mam- malian skull than are to be found in that of any other cetacean. Its teeth are of two kinds, conical simple incisors, and compressed ser- rated two-rooted molars. In the Jliocene rocks are found the earliest Odontoceti or toothed whales, in which the skull tends to become asynunetrieal and the teeth to multiply and be- come similar and conical; and in the Pliocene all the modern types of lliis sviborder were evolved, although their mode of evolution is not known. In the Miocene there appeared also the earliest known members of the Mystacoceti, or whalebone whales, which were of much smaller size and which had longer necks than have their modern descendants. The evolution of the ^lys- lacoccti from Odontoceti is indicated by the presence, in the fetal stages, of some genera of the former group, of rudimentary calcified teeth which soon drop out to be replaced, in the adult stages, by whalebone. The Tertiary deposits of Patagonia may be looked to for the discoverj' of interesting material bearing on the evolution of this aberrant group of mammals. See Physo- i>on; Porpoise; Dolphin; Squalodon; Whale; ZEUClT.OnON. CETEWAYO, keeh-wii'yfi. See Zull-land. CETINA, Iha te'na, (Jitikhre de (?-c.1.560). A Spanish lyric poet. Little authentic is known of him beyond the fact that he served in the army at Pavia, in Tunis, and in Flanders, and obtained the patronage of the Prince of A.scoli. He was a member of the Italianizing school, and wrote in the smaller verse-forms. His work was little known until all of it supjiosed to be extant was collected bv de Castro in the llibliotcca de autares cxpanolvs '(Vol. XXX il.. Madrid, 1854). Some previously impublished burlesqies appeared in (Jayoso's Kiisai/o de iitui hihliotevn esjiaiiola (Vol. H.). Translations of a number of specimens may be found in the collection IHiilen spaiihcher I'oc.iic, by HofTmann {'.id ed., Magdeburg, 1850). CETINJE, ch'-te'nya. The capital of Monte- negro and residence of the Prince and the higher secular and ecclesiastical authorities of the principality (Ilap: Balkan Peninsula, B 3). It is situated at an altitude of nearly 2000 feet, in a deep valley surrounded by mountains. In its general appearance it looks more like a village tlian a capital of a country. Even the palace of the Prince is an unpretentious, one-story house. The town has an old monastery, a number of institutions for secondary education, including a girls' institute, and a theatre. The population numl)ers about 4000. The town w'as destroyed by the Turks in UiS.3, 1714, and 1785. CETOT'OLITH ( from Gk. k^tos, ketos, whale + of'S, OH.S-, ear + Wos, lithofi, stone). The fossil ear-lxme of a whale. Cetotoliths are often found in the Tertiary deposits of Europe and N«uth America, and in many parts of these formations they are the onl}' remnants of the skeletons of whales that have been preserved. This is due to their harder consistency, which is greater than that of the rest of the skull and bones. See (.etacea; Whale. CETRA'RIA. See Iceland Moss. CETTE, set. A seaport town and fortress of the third class, in the Department of Hf-rault, France, on a neck of land between the lagoon of Thau and the Mediterranean, about 25 miles southwest of Montpellier (Map: France. K 8). The town is entered by a causeway raised above the Thau lagoon, and a bridge of (ifty-two arches. The main features of its fortifications are the redoid)t of Claire and the forts of Saint Louis and Saint Pierre. The space inclosed by the ])iers and breakwaters forming the harbor is about 30 acres, and the depth is of from 16 to 1!) feet. A broad, dcej) canal, lined with excel- lent quays, connects the port with the lagoon of Thau, and so with the Canal du Jlidi au<l the Rhone, thus giving to Cette an extensive inland traffic; it has likewise an active foreign com- merce and is, next to Marseilles, the most im- portant French port on the -Mediterranean. The principal trade is in wine, brandy, salt, dycstufTs, perfumery, and verdigris. Cette has ship-build- ing yards, large cooperage works, manufactures of chemicals and perfumes, and fisheries of oysters and anchovies. Population, in 1901, of town, 31.04(5; of comnmne, 33,240. CETTIGNE. See Cetin.je. CE'TIJS (Lat., from Gk. k^tos, kftos, whale). One of the constellations. .Among its stars is a very remarkable variable called ft Ceti. It has been named Mira (the wonderful), on account of its extraordinary changes of luminosity. Since I5!>0. when its variability was first dis- covered by Fabricius, it has blazed up sutliciently to be visible to the unaided eye once in about eleven months. It usually remains visible a number of days, and then sinks again into the i