Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/520

* CERVANTES SAAVEDRA. 442 CESALPINO. vaiites (Madrid, 1819) ; OJiasles, Michel dc Cer- vantes, sa vie, son temps, son oeiirre (Paris, 1866) ; IJaunistark, Cervantes Haavedra (Frei- burg, 1875) ; llerinu'e. La vie et I'ccuvre de Cer- vantes (Paris, 1877) ; Maiiiez, Vidu de Cervnnles (Cadiz, 1878) : Dorer, Cervantes and seine irt'iAp, with bibliography (Leipzig, 1881) : Kelly, Life of Miifitel de Cervantes ( lj)iidoii, 1892); Duniaine, /v'sxrii stir la vie el les nuvres de Cer- vantes ( Paris, 1897) . For an exhaustive bibliog- raphy'of his writings, consult Kius, liihliograf ia critiea de las obras de Cervantes Saavedra (Mad- rid, 1900). CERVERA Y TOPETE, thor-va'rft f t6- pfi'tA. I'Asi^i Ai.. ( iiiilr ir Jerez, Marques de Santa Anna ( 188:i — ). A Spanish admiral, born in .lerez. in the Province of Cadiz. His father was one of the wealthiest wine-merchants of 8pain; his mollicr a diuiylilcr of Count Topetc y Velle, a member of the royal family. Cervera was educated at San Fernando (1848-51), and after his graduation served on several training- ships. He distinguished himself during the cam- paign against Morocco in 1859. and was appoint- ed a first lieutenant. He was a member of the Spanish expedition against Cochin China in 1802, and afterwards was appointed attache of the Spanish legation at Washington. Subsequently he was promoted to the rank of captain, and was put in command of a vessel sent to Peru during the war of 1800. , Upon the outbreak of the Ten Years' War in Cuba (1808-78) he was engaged in the blockade of Cuban ports, but was recalled by the Government and appointed Secretary of the Xavy in the Spanish Cabinet. He was advanced to the rank of admiral, and soon thereafter i)hiced in command of the I'clni/o, the original (irst-class battle ship of the S])anish Navy. He was next appointed adjutant to the Queen Regent, and was made chief of the Span- ish commission sent to the European Naval Con- ference held in London in 1891. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish-American War he was ])laced in command of the squadron sent to America, consisting of the cruisers In- fanta Maria Teresa, Crist6bal Colon, Abnirante Oquendo. and Mzcai/n. and the torpedo-boat destroyers Terror, Furor, and I'luton. The Meet left Cadiz .pril 8th and the Cape Venle Islands April 29th. From this latter date Cervera elud- ed the American fleet, and his whereabouts caused much apprehension, especially in the cities along the Atlantic Coast. He had shaped his course for Cuba, however, and about May 19th his sqmtdron entered the harbor at Santiago, where it was liloekaded by. ierican vessels muU-r the command of .Vdmiral Sampson. On .luly 8d — by the express orders of his Government, it is said — Cervera ntade a bold dash from the harbor and gave battle to the American vessels; but in the running fight which ensued liis llect was de- stroyed and he was taken prisoner by Lieutenant Wainwri-xht of the (Jlmieester. By reason of his exceptional bravery, his courteous and dignified bearing, and his generous conduct toward Lieu- tenant Hohson. lie was made the objei't of nuich ofTieial and popular courtesy. Immediately after the battle President AIcKinley gave him ])ermis- sion to connuunicate with liis family by cable, and he received many other personal attentions. On .July 10 he was taken to Portsmouth, and thence to. napolis (.July 10). With the mem- bers of his stall' be sailed for Spain on Septem- ber 12, 1898, and arrived at Santander Septem- ber 21. Upon his return to Spain he was sub- jected to court-martial, a procedure usual in European countries, in order that all the facts relative to a defeat or other disaster may be fully known, and the blame or reason for such defeat or disaster fairly placed. He was acquit- ted and liberated, •July"7, 1899. CERVETERI, cher-va'ti-rf, or CERVE- TERE, -ta-ra. . village on the site of the ;in- cient Ca're, in south Etruria, near the Tyrrhe- nian Sea, in the district of Civila ecchia. 32 miles west of Kome. The ancient town, which was said to have borne the name -Agylla before the Etruscan conquest, became one of the twelve Etruscan cities. According to Roman tradition, it alTorded refuge to the Tarquins after their expulsion from Rome, and was by the Koiuans chosen as the safest hiding-place for the Vestals and the sacred treasures during the ociaipalion of tile cajiilal by the Gauls. Inder the Rei)uhlic and Empire the city continued to exist, but later .steadily declined, and about 1250 was deserted by a large portion of its inhabitants, who re- moved to the present village of Ceri. As Ca're was said to be the first city admitted to the Roman State as a nnuiieipium sine suffraf/io, or withcmt the right of suffrage, the name Cierites became typical for citizens of such nniiiieipia. Sear the ancient city have been foiuid a large number of fine Etruscan chamber tombs, many of which were richly decorated with paintings and reliefs. Among the most famous are the Regii- lini-Galassi. which yielded in 18.30 a rich harvest of gold ornaments, arms. etc.. and the tomb of the Tarcna. the Etruscan name which the Ro- mans transferred to Latin as Tarquinii. Consult Dennis, Cities mid Cemeteries of KIruria, I. (rev. cd., London, 1878). CERVIA, chcr'vc-a. An interesting city in north Italy, on the Adriatic, 13 miles southeast of Ravenna (M;ip: Italy, G 3). It has a beauti- ful cathedral and a theatre, and markets much salt from the lagoons east of the town. Popula- tion, in 1881 (commune), 7000; in 1901,7942. CER'VIDJE (Neo-Lat.. from Eat. e<>cri(.<!, stag). That family of rinninants which em- braces all the deer. ( For characteristics, see Deer. ) It is subdivided into musk-deer ( Mos- china") and true deer (Cer'ina'). the latter in- cluding nuiny genera, described under BRocKicr; Deer; Et.k: Guemal; ^fiNT-TAc; Rioindker. etc., or under individual names, as Moose; Sa.mbar; Wapiti, etc. For classification of genera and species, consult Brooke, in I'roeeed- iiifis Zoiilofiieiil i-ioeietj/ of London (London. 1878. illustrated). CERVIN, sSr'vaN', Mont. See MATTERnoRN. CER'VUS. See Deer ; Elk. CESALPINO, chfi'zal-pe'no, Anukea (Lat. C.KSAU'i.NU-.s) (1519-1003). An Italian botanist and physiologist. He was born in .rezzo, Tus- cany, studied at the University of Pisa, and for many years was professor of botany there. Thence he was summoned to Rome to becciuu- physician - in - ordinary to Pope Clement VII I. and professor of medicine at the Sapicnza College. He publislied a work of metaphysical speculation, Qtio'stiones Peripatetieer (I57I), based on Aristotle. In his Katoptron. sire l^pecultim Artis Medicw TJippoeratieinn (1601),