Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/514

* CEREMONIAL. 436 CERES. The Honian emperors were at first cautious in the introduction of such ceremonial, owing to tlie traditional aversion of their subjects to king- ly pomp. Diocletian was the first to establish it on a large scale, and the later Hyzantinc em- perors largely developed it. t'liailciiuignc, on assuming the title of Kmperor, introduced into western Europe a considerable amount of this formality: and the whole spirit of the feudal system, with its regular gradations of rank and its complete theoretical organization, by which every member of the body politic had his own definite place, favored its extension. Some further impalse was given by the marriage of the Kinpcror Otho II. to tiie (ircek princess Theophano (972) ; but it reached a more elabo- rate development at the Court of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (U10-G7). This prince, whose power equaled that of the sovereigns of his time, while he could not place himself on a level with them, found satisfaction in establishing a cere- monial full of niiiuite formalities. Through the marriage of Mary of Burgundy with JIaximilian, they were introduced into the Austrian Court. here they held their ground until the reign of Joseph II. (1741-HO), to whose modern ideas they were ol)noxious. By dynastic connection they s|)read to Spain and found there a congenial soil, nourishing in all their fullness until com- paratively recent times. In France ceremonial was not so elaborate until the reign of Francis II. Henry III. also took great pleasure in the ordering (if stately formalities ; but their estab- lishment really dates from the marriage of Anne of Austria with Louis XIII. (llil.T), and her son l.ouis XIV. had only to put the finishing touches to the system, which is as inseparable from the idea of his reign as the wig is from any repre- sentation of his person. So burdensome did its pressure become at the French Court that Fred- erick the Creat said he would appoint a deputy, if he were King of France, to attend to the cere- monies and leave him time for ruling. The Revo- lution destroyed ceremonial for a time, hut Na- poleon attempted to add to the prestige of his throne l>y its reestablishment. The Bourbon Restoration revived it still further, but the 'July monarchy' adapted itself more to modern condi- tions. In England. Queen Victoria's personal taste for simplicity abridged ceremonial observ- ance during her reign : but it was to a certain extent restored under her successor, Edward VII. See Precedence : Titles of Honor. CEREMONY ( Fr. ccrnnonie. Lat. ca-rimimui. sacred rite, probably connected with Skt. kttrman. act, from kur, to do). Almost any act. when performed in a regular, orderly, and formal man- ner, and when viewed, not with reference to its object, but the mode of its performance, becomes a ceremony: and the more entirely the attention of the performers is withdrawn from the object of the act, and fixed upon the manner of its performance, the more ceremonious does it be- come. The purely formal character of ceremony is thus illustrated by Hooker: "The name cere- mony," he says, "we do not use in so large a meaning as to bring sacraments within the com- pass and reach thereof, although things belong- ing to the outward form and seemly administra- tion of them are contained in that name." The remark is applicable to the most trivial cere- monies of social life and of State pageantry, as well as to the most sacred rites of religion, for a ceremony which is its own object would scarcely be entitled to be regarded even as a ceremony. The most empty display has always the ulterior object of imposing on somebody. Ceremonies may be divided into four classes: (1) religious ceremonies : (2) .social ceremonies; (.3) State ceremonies; (4) international cere- monies. Religious and State ceremonies will he tueated of respectively under their various denomina- tions. See. for the first. l.niROY: M.ss: RlTE, etc.; for the second. Cere.mo.m.vl, Coirt: Coro- nation ; CoiRT; Parliament, etc. Social cere- monies will, in a great measure, fall under the heads Covrtesy: Ktiqiette; Form.s of An- URE.ss : Precedence, etc. : and international cere- monies under Ambassador: Consvl; Diplomacy, etc. CEREMONY, JIilitary. A stated military exercise or fonnality, designed to show honor to an important person, to present the iiualities of the troops concerned to advantage, or to facilitate their inspection. Ceremonies include reviews, musters, inspections, parades, guard- mounting, funeral escorts, escorts of the color, and escorts of honor, which are described under their appropriate heads. CE'RES (probably connecled with Lat. creare, to create, cresvere, to grow, Gk. Ku/m^, koion, youth, Goth. Aairdo, Ger. Werde, Engl, ftecd, Engl. hurst, town, C>. Ir. cant, heap. Arm. ser, species. Skt. sardhd, host. Ar. sarnia, species). The name given by the Romans to the Greek Dcmetcr (Ai/lii/rr/fj), goddess of the grain, which is re- garded as her gift to mankind. In the systema- tized Greek mythologj', Dcmetcr is daugliter of Cronos, and sister of Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. By her brother Zeus she became the mother of Persephone or Proserpina (q.v.). In (ircek worship Demeter and Persephone (or Cora) are regularly united, forming a pair of divinities, whose essential nature has become clear tlirough the studies of ilannliardt. W'nld- und Feldkulle (Danzig, 1875-77) and Mytholoyisehc Forsclniii- iieii (Strassburg. 1884), also of Frazer, (Joldeii 'lioufih (-id ed.." Xew York, 1900). At bottom, they are a dual impersonation of the 'corn spirit." of whose worship many traces are still observ- able in the harvest customs of European peas- ants. The great legend connected with Demeter is that told in the Homeric Hymn, which pn- ser'es the sacred version of Eleusis. .According to the common version, Hades (Pluto) surprised Persephone as she was gathering flowers in a meadow, and bore her away to the lower world. Demeter long sought her daughter sorrowing, un- til at length she learned her fate from th<> all- seeing Helios (the sun). In her grief she bid herself, and the earth ceased to yield her fruit. Moved at last. Zeus sent Hermes to fetch Perse- phone, but Hades had persuaded her to eat a pomegranate, and thus bound her to stay with him. At last, the agreement was made that she should spend two-thirds of the year with her mother and one-third with her husband. In thi> course of her wanderings. Demeter was kindly entertained at Eleusis, and in requital extended her special blessing to the spot, and from there sent out Triptolenuis (q.v.) to bear the knowl- edge of agriculture to the world. The worship of Demeter was nearly universal in the ancient world, hut probably the most important cult wa-