Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/488

* CENSUS. 418 CENTAURS. manufacturing and mechanical industries adopt- ed in 1S50 was in form substantially tlie same as that now in use. It has been gradually ex- panded and improved. In 1880 the industrial schedules were confided to special agents in cities and manufacturing districts. With the census of 1880 were iiicr|)orated a large niimber of special inquiries, and fur the more important industries a mass of specifically appropriate mat- ter was collected. Among the subjects of census inquiry in 1880 and I8il0 we find, in addition to those above described, defective classes, crime, pauperism, and benevolence, mines and mining, fish and fish- eries, social statistics, education, insurance, mortgages, farm and home proprietorship and indebtedness, churches, transportation, wealth, debt an<l taxation, social statistics of cities and Indians. BiDi.ioHR.MMiY. The fullest account of the census of the I'nited States is found in an offi- cial pulilicution, Wright and Hunt, The History and Crimlli of the United Stalex Ceustis (Wash- ington, 1!K)0). Consult, also; The Federal Cen- sus, bv a Committee of the .•merican Economic Association (New York, 180!)); Falkner, 'The Development of the Census," in Annals of the American Aeademy of Political and Social Science (Philadelphia, 1808). For the methods of European countries. Hie most useful com- pilation is Bodio, StU'ii iirrpnrntorii per it IV. censiniento drcrnnale delta popolazione del reijno (Rome, 1892), the author of which was the Di- rector of the Italian Statistical Bureau. Dr. Bertillon, chief of the JIunicipal Statistics of Paris, has published Statistique internal ionale resultant des reeensements de la population, duns les divers pays d'Evropc (Paris. 1800), a com- pilation of the results of European censuses of liopulntion. CENT (Fr. cent, from Lat. centum, hundred). A coin of the United States valued at the one- hundredth part of a dollar. The division of the coinage unit into hundredths is quite fre- quent ; and names indicating this division are found in the centime of France, the crntesimo of Italv, the eentaro of the South .-Vmerican re- publics, and the cent of Holland. In Belgium the coins of one and two centimes are popularly known as cents. In the United States the use of the word cent dates from the act of Congress of 1786 which adojited the dollar of one hundred cents as the coinage basis of the United States. While in Colonial times dollars (Spanish) were frequent in the circulation, the minor coins in use were either English coppers or hom(>-m;ide substitutes for them. In 1787 a mint estab- lished by Congress at New Haven, Conn., began coining what arc known as the 'Fregio' or 'Franklin' cents, which were issued for many years. In 1791 a coin bearing a head of Wash- ington and the words 'one cent' was struck in England as a pattern piece, and in 1702 another, without the word 'cent,' both of these meeting with the President's modest disapproval. In 1702 (April 2) Congress authorized the issue of a <'opper cent of 264 grains, and a half-cent in proportion. These appeared in 170.3. the cent being reduced to 208 grains. In 1706 (act of • fanuary 26) the weight of the cent was reduced to 168 grains and the half-cent was jiroportion- ately reduced, a new design being adopted also. The head of Liberty was changed in 1808. and again in 1816. In 1815 and 1835 no copper coins were issued. By act of March 3, 1851, a three- cent coin, three-fourths silver, was authorized, and in 1853 its weight was reduced from 12% grains to 11.52 grains. By the act of February 21, 1857. the half-cent was discontinued, and the old copper cent was replaced by a smaller coin, composed of .88 copper and .12 nickel, and weigh- ing 72 grains. In !8-t (act of .pril 22) the bronze cent was introduced, weighing 48 grains, and consisting of .05 copper and .05 tin and were ma<le a legal tender for sums not exceed- ing 10 and 20 cents respectively, and the coinage of two-cent pieces to weigh 06 grains was au- thorized. In 1865 (act of March ."!) the one and two cent coins became each a legal tender to the amount of 4 cents onlv, and a three-cent coin was authorized, to consist of three-fourths cop- j)er and one-fourth nickel, to weigh .30 grains, and to be legal tender for any sum not exceeding 60 cents. In 1866 (May KJ)' a new act provided for the coinage of a five-cent piece, three-fourths copper and one-fourth nickel, to weigh 77.16 grain's, and to be a legal tender for any sum not exceeding .$1. The 'Coinage .ct of 1873' (Febru- ary 12) discarded the two-cent piece and limited the issue of coins of the denomination of cent to a five-cent piece and a three-cent piece (three- fourths copper and one-fcmrth nickel, and weigh- ing 77.16 and 30 grains respectively), and a one-cent piece (.05 copper and .05 tin and zinc, weighing 48 grains). The coins authorized by this act were made a legal tender at their ncmi- inal value for any amount not exceeding 25 cents in any one payment. The minor coinage was further simplified by the discontinuance of the three-cent piece bv act of September 26, 1800. The cents issiu'd" in 1703, 1700, and 1804, and the copper cent of 185(i are very rare, as are the lialf-cents of 1703. 1831, 1840-48, and 18.52. See Xr.[is>rATics. CENTAU'BEA (NeoLat., from Lat. Cen- luuria. <;k. KtrraipiKH', kentaureion, from Gk. Kivravpin;, kentonros. centaur I . A genus of plants of the natural order C(miposit;p, contain- ing at least 400 s])eeies of annual and perennial herbaceous plants, chiefly natives of the Mediter- ranean regions and -Australia. The bluebottle, or corn bluebottle (f'entanrea eyranus). is com- mon in grain-fields in Euro))e. and has escaped from g.-irdcns in parts of the United States. The juice of the (lorets of the disk, with a little alum, dyes a beautiful and permanent blue. The large bluebottle {('entanrra monliina) . a native of cen- tral Europe, is frcqucntl.v cultivated in flower- gardens. Its flowers are considerably larger, and it is a perennial. Sweet sultan {('mtaurea ■nioschata), a native of the Levant, with fra- grant flowers, is also eonunon in flower-gardens. It is an annual or biennial. S<>veral species having the involucre s))iny bear the name of star-tiiistie. Ccntanrra eahilrnpa being most widely Un.iwn. CEN'TAURS (I.af. Criitauri. Ok. V.hravpot, Kenluiinii. of uncert;un etymology). A race of nmnstcrs, half man and half horse, which Greek legend localized in Thessal.v. Such monsters are very early represented in Greek art. armed with a double-headed axe or branches of trees, and frequently in combat with an archer. Two
 * jinc. By the same act the one and two cent coins