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* CELERY. 396 CELIBACY. bactorial disease is said fo attack some varieties, causiiiy their stalks to become watery and worth- less. It also spreads in market, quickly causing the hearts to melt away into a slimy, worthless mass. In the market, celery should be kept very dry or else completely submerged in water to prevent this loss. Consult: Duggar and Bailey, "Xotcs Upon Cel- erv," in Cornell University Agricultural Experi- ment Station liiillcliii 132 (lAaca, l.S'JV) : Mas- sey. ''(howing Celery in the South." in North Carolina .Agricultural Experiment Station Jiiil- leiiii SS (Raleigh, 18!I2). CELESTIAL CITY. In Bunyan's Pilyrlm's yro.r//' ss, the goal of the pilgrim's journey, which was reached by passing through the River of Death. CELESTIAL EMPIRE, The. An appella- tion for ('liiua. >uggcsU-il by the title "Tien Chao' (Heavenly Dynasty), which the Chinese give to their countiy: whence, also, the term Celestials, often popularly ajiplicd to the population. See Chi.na. CELESTINA, fh.a'les-tO'na. A Spanish prose drama in twenty-one acts, originally entitled 'J he Triuji-Cinindii itf Calislo aiul Mclihiid. prob- ably begun by Rodrigo Cota, of Toledo, about the middle of the Fifteenth Century. It was finished by Fernando dc Rojas. and appeared about 1480. Consult Ticknor. Spaninh lAlern- ture (Boston. lS(i;j). CEL'ESTINE (l.at. ccelestis. of the sky. then blue, from calum, sky). A strontiim sulphate that crystallizes in the orthorhonil)ic system. It is of a white color, though usually with a faint blue tinge (from which it derives its name) and rarely reddish. The finest crystals are those from Girgenti in Sicily, where it is found with sulphur and gypsum, and from tho Put-in-P.ay Islands in Lake Eric. It has con- siderable commercial value as a source of stron- tium, many of wliose salts are used for produc- ing a red light in fireworks. Jiuriitocelcstitc is a variety containing barium, and calciocelestite is a variety containing calcium. CELESTINE. The name of five popes. (1) Celestixk I., I'ope 422-32. is supposed to have been a near relative of the Emperor A'alcnf inian. Tradition attributes to him the addition to the Angelical Salutation: Saiicta Maria, MaUr Dei, ora pro nubis. He sent Palladius to Ireland as the first bishoj) ol that country. (2) Celestine 11. (Cuido di Castello). Pope 114.i-44. lie gave ab- solution to l.ouis Vn. of France, on the King's humble subjection, and removed the Papal in- terdict from that country. (.3) Cki.ksti.ne III. (Giacinto liobone Orsini). Pope 1191-5)8. He is supposed to have been 8.5 j'cars old when chosen. He crowned the Emperor Henry 'V'l. of Germany, and subsequently exconnnunicated him for keeping Richard I. of England in prison. In 1102 he confirmed the statutes of the Teu- tonic Order of Knights. (4) Cki.kstine IV. KJolTredo Castiglione of ^Tilan). . nephew of Urban III. He was elected Pope by only seven cardinals, October 2.5, 1241, and died November 10 of the same year. He was the author of a history of Scotland, in which country he was once a monk. (5) Ceijsstine V. (Pietro di Morone), Popj' in 1204. He was the son of a peasant of Naples, became a Benedictine monk, and lived many years in eaves, after the man- ner of .lohn the Baptist. Terrible, stories are told of the severity of his penitential discipline. During his hermit life he founded the order that bears his name. (See Celestines. ) After the death of Nicholas IV. he was elected Po])e, but refused to accept until persuaded by a deputation of cardinals, reinforced by the Kings of Naples and Hungary. He was chosen .Inly 7, 1204. and was crowned August 29. He issued two decrees, one confirming that of Gregory X. ordering the shutting up of the cardinals when in conclave, and one declaring the right of any Pope to abdicate at jdeasure — a right which, after ruling live months and eight days, he exer- cised himself. December l.'i, 1294. In his docu- ment of renunciation he assigned as the moving causes '"the desire for humility, for a jnircr life, for a stainless conscience; the deficiencies of his own physical strength; his ignorance: the per- vcj'seness of the people, and his longing for the tranquillity of his former life." Having divested himself of every outward symbol of dignity, he returned to his old solitude: but he was not per- mitteil to remain. His successor, Boniface Vlll., sent for him, and, fearing .a schism on his behalf, confined him. though with great respect, in the castle of Fumone, where after ten months he died. May 10, 120li. He was canonizc<l in- 1313. Yet Dante did not hesitate to put him in hell, though at the entrance, because he had abdicated: "I looked, and I beheld the shade of him who made through cowardice the great re- fusal" (/»/'/io, iii.: and cf. xxvii). CELESTINES. . congregation within the Benedictine Order, foinuled by Pietro di ilorone about 1254, and confirmed by I'rban IV. in 12(i4 and 1274. They were known at first as Hermits of Saint Dami:in, but called themselves Ccles- tines when their foiuider ascende<l the Papal chair under the name of Celestine V. They wear a white garment with black hood and sca])ular, and live a purely contemplative life. In the Thirteenth and Fourteenth centuries the order rapidly spread through France. Italy, and Ger- many, but sulisequently decayed. The German convents were mostly destroyed by the Reforma- tion, and tho French by the Revolution. At the present day the order is almost extinct. CEXIA. ( 1 ) Mother of Faith, Hope, and Cliarity in Spenser's Faerie Qiieene, (2) Daugh- ter fif the usurper Frederick, and devoted cousin i]f Rosalind, in Shakespeare's .4s Yoii Like It. 1 3) The heroine of The Humorous Lieutenant, by Beaumont and Fletcher, who receives ad- dresses from Antigonus. iind Demetrius, his son. and finally proves to be Enanthe, the daughter of Seleucis. She is happily married to Deme- trius. (4) The chaste wife of Corvino (q.v.) in Jonson's Voliionc, whom her fortune-seeking hus- band scuds to 'the Fox's' embraces. (.5) A young girl in Whitehead's School for J^orers. CEL'IBACY (from celibate, Fr. cilibat. Lat. fwlibulus, celibacy, from calebs, bachelor). In ecclesiastical history, the abstention from the married state by the clergy and those who have entered upon the monastic life. The Roman Catholic Church requires eclibacy on the part of its clergj' as a part of its ecclesiastical dis- cipline. It holds that this practice is of Apos- tolic origin, basing this claim upon what it avers to have been the constant tradition of the t