Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/463

* CELEBES. 395 CELERY. the imports in the ports, nul imliuling Jlaoassar, have averaj;ed owr .•?;!,(!( PO.ODU anil the e.poit.s over .•?3,5S0,000. the cimiiiu'rco of the jxirt of ilaeassar reachini; an annual total of $0,400,000. The ehicf towns of the ishuul are Macassar, Me- nado, ami Gorontalo. The population of the island is estimated at 2,000,000, iiuluding ahoiit 2400 Europeans. The native inhabitants are of various origin^ and characteristics, their ancestors having emigrated from other islands. The most noteworthy jjeo- pies arc the ^linahasans in the north, the Macas- sars (properly Mangkasars) and Bugis in the south, while in the interior and toward the north dwell trihes of the so-called 'Alfunis" (really onl.v a more primitive or ])roto-Malayan type, with, perhaps, s(mie negroid strain). The Macas- sars are the most highly developed of these peo- ple, being of Malay origin, well built and muscu- lar, with good complexions and bright eyes, bra e, ambitious, temperate, industrious, and skillful hunters, but given at times to revenge, to gam- Hing, an<l to cock-lighting. They make good sol- diers, but, despite all the Dutch have done to prevent it. the habit of running amuck is com- mon. Tlieir religion is Mohamnieilanism. much degraded b,v local su|)erstitions and beast-wor- ship, and the abject fear of a local deity. Many arc skillful craftsmen and excel in native manu- factures, especially rich personal adornments. They have a literature, chiefly romance and drama, besides works of religion and law. trans- lated from the Arabic and originally brought to them by the missionaries of Islam. In Menado thirty-six tribes were confederated, under Dutch direction, against an aggressive chief, and it is anumg these people, especiall.v the Minahasans, that Dutch civilization has accomplished valu- able results. The Wadjus are an interesting tribe and active in trade. By language, all be- long (some more or less remotely) to the ila- layan stock. The Javanese appear to have exert- ed not a little influence upon the southern por- tions of Celebes, and certain Hindu traces are also due to tliem as intermediaries. The women of CelebcB are celebrated for the fine bark-cloth made by them. Celebes has furnished many set- tlers for other regions of the ilalay Archipelago, the Bugis. in particular, being great travelers and colonizers, merchants, and seamen. Tlie island was first discovered and named by the Portu- guese in 1.512, but from about 100" the Dutch graduall.v obtained the supremacv. though it was not until well into the Xineteenth Century that sverv district was under their control. Consult: l,ahure, Vile de CvUhes (Paris, 1879) : Wallace, The Malay Archipelario (Lon- don. 1880) ; van der Lith, yederlandsch Ooxt- Indie, Vol. I.: Hickson, A yatiiratist in orlh Celebes (London, 188!)) : Staden der Brink. Ziiid- Celebes (Ctrecht. 1884). CE'LEK. One of the two architects— the other one is Severus — mentioned b,v Tacitus as emplo.ved by the Emperor Xero in his great con- structive works. They undoubtedly carried out X'ero's scheme for a general reconstruction of Rome on a regular plan after the great fire, and were the architects of his colossal 'Golden House,' the most immense of all imi)erial palaces, which swallowed up a large quarter of the citv. CELrERES (Lat.. pi. of celer, rapid. Ok. Ki7jir., k'U.s, racer. Skt, l.nl. to drive). A body- VoL. IV.— je. guard of 300 young men of the best Roman fami lies, organized, according to tradition. I)y Uunui- lus. Xext to the King, their leader was the highest ollicer of the State. This position was held by Brutus when he expelled the Tarquins. CELERY (Fr. eileri, Lat. seliiioii, parsley, from Gk. at/.ivov, selinoii, parsley) ;.1oi»hi gru- icolens). A biennial plant of the natural order UmbcUiferir. a native of Europe, now widclv cultivated for its 'leafstalks, which are blanched and eaten raw with salt. One form, eelcriac. is extensivel.v grown on the Continent of Europe for its turnip-like root. The whole plant has an aromatic flavor. The celery industry has had a rapid develop- ment in tlie United States during recent ,vears, owing largely to improved methods of culture. The method now in general use is to sow the seed in a hotlx'd, or for the late crop, in the oi)en, transplant once or twice, and set in the field in level rows three or four feet apart "and six inches distant in the row. The stalks are blanched by heaping earth against the plants, setting up boards about a foot wide against the row on eitiier side, or by wrapping the i>lants with paper or other material. In the so-called 'new celer,v culture' the rows are onl,v to 12 inches apart. The plants thus tliiekl,v grown are self-blanched and onl.' the outside rows need pro- tection from the light. Celery intended for summer or fall use is blanched when the plants are well grown: that grown for winter use is taken u]) when cold weather comes on and set in pits or a cool cellar, the roots being packed in moist earth so that the plants ma.v continue a slow growth while blanching. Celerv is gen- erally grown on a moist, rich, peaty soil, well drained and heavily fertilized; but good crops have been grown on fertile clayey and sand.v up- lands. The crop requires an abundance of moisture and fertilizer. Celeriac. or the root form of celer,v, is handled about like celery, ex- cept that it does not require blanching. It is little grown in America except where there is a German settlement. It is cooked and eaten with sauce, used in salads, and pickled. For illustra- tion, sec Plate of Salad Pla.nts. Some sixty varieties of celery are cultivated in the United States. Some are dwarf varieties, scarce a foot high, while others grow nearly tliree feet high. The leaves may be green, wliite. or yellow." Paris Golden or Golden Self-Blanching, White Plume, Giant Pascal, and Boston ;Market are among the varieties that are most extensivel,v grown. Celery Diseases. Celerv is subject to a num- ber of destructive parasitic diseases. The rust or sun-scald, due to Cercoftpora apii, is recog- nized bv the grav or yellow sj)ots u])on the leaves. The spots enlarge, run together, and finallv de- 6tro,v the leaf. The disease is more i)revalent in dry situations than in moist ones, and where celeiy is grown in very dr.v soils it should be given some shade to prevent this disease. A leaf-blight, caused by Sejiloria petynseliiia apii. attacks all parts of the plant above the grouml. causing waterv spots on stems and leaves. Black dots soon appear in these areas ami the s|)ores are widel.v scattered. Attention should be given to plants when setting them out that no diseased ones are used. If the plants are sound when planted, any good fungicide (q.v.) will prevent the spread of either of the above diseases. A