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* CAWNPORt. 385 CAYLUS. 1.200,700: ill 1001. 1.2o9,200. Consult Trcvcl- an, Viiiiiii'irr ( Loudon, ISGo). CAXAMARCA, ka'liuMiar'kii. Sco Caja- ilAUl A. CAXIAS, ku-she'is. A town in Brazil, situ- ated in the State of Maranliao (Map: Hrazil, .1 .Tt. on the river Itapicuni. about 300 miles southeast of Maranh:"i<i. It has a lai;,'e trade in rice and cotton, the river being u:ivi<rahle. It is the birthplace of llie poet Luis Gonyalvez Dias. Population, about 10,000. CAXIAS, Lvis Alvkz de Lima e Silva, Buke of (ISOOSO). A Brazilian general and states- man, lie was born in Kio de .(aneiro. and entered the army ;it the age of twelve. In IS.'iO lie was appointed Minister of War and president of the Council, and afterwards, as coniinander-in-chief of the Brazilian Army, he conducted the war against Paraguay. From 187.5 to IS78 he w^as again president of the Council and ilinister of ar. CAXTON, William (c.l422-ni). The first English printer. He was born in the Weald of Keiit. and the particulars of his life are scanty. He was apprenticed in 1438 to Robert Large, a wealthy London mercer. At the death of the latter.in 1411, he went to Bruges, where. from 14(12 to 1470. he was governor of a chartered association of English adventurers trading to foreign parts. In 1471 Caxton entered the ser- vice of Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, formerly an English princess; and, apparently toward the end of 1476. he set up his wooden printing- press at the Sign of the Red Pale, in the Almonry, at Westminster. The art of printing he had acquired while abroad, either at Cologne or at Bruges, more likely at the latter place, from Colard Mansion, a well-known printer of that city: and in 1474 he put through the press (without much doubt Mansion's) the first book printed in the English tongue, the Recuyell of the Historyes of Troi/e, a translation of Raoul de Fevre's work. The (lame and Plai/c of tlir Chcsse (probably 1475) was another of Caxton's earliest publications: but the Dictcs and Xotahle Wise ^•ayinys of the Philosophers, (publislied Xovein- ber IS, 1477) is the first book which can with certainty lie maintained to have been i)rinted in England. All the six fonts of type from which Caxton printed may be called black letter. Of the 90 known distinct productions of Caxton's press, no fewer than 38 survive in single copies or in fragments only. Caxton, who was an ac- complished linguist, and translated many of the works that issued from his press, was diligent in the exercise of his craft or in translation until within a few hours of his deatli, which oc- curred in 1101. By his numerous translations he helped fix the English s|ieech. and his many books prepared the way for the literary out- burst in the Elizabethan era. In 1877 the great printer and his work were fittingly conuneniorat- ed by a typographical exhibition in London. Con- sult: Knight, The Old Printer nnd Modern Press (London, 18(51); Blades, Life and Typography of Milliam Caxton (London, 1801-63)': and lUonrnphu and Typography of Caxton (London, 1882). CAXTONS, The. A novel by Bulwer L.vtton. jmlilislii-d in 18.50 (three volumes octavo). A new edition nf it appeared each year from 18.52 to 1855, and its sale in the United States for the first three years exceeded 10.000 annually. It was originally published in Ulavlucoud's Maga- zine. The scene is chielly laid in the midst of English country life, and the interest consists largely in the conversations which are held be- tween the members of the Caxton family. Pisis- tratus Caxton. the ego of the stoi-}% al.so appears in .1/^ oicl and other later works of the author. CAXTON SOCIETT. An association formed in London, in 1845, for the jjurpose of publishing niediieval clironicles and other works. Of these, it issued lii volumes before its dissolution in 1854. CAYAMBE, ka'yam-b.=i', or CAYAMBE- URCXJ, -oUr'koo. A volcanic peak of the Andes, situated in Ecuador, about (!(i miles east-north- cast of Quito, and almost directly under the equator (ilap; Ecuador, B 3). It has an alti- tude of about 19,200 feet, and is covered with periietual snow. CAYCOS, kn<;6s. See C.vicos. CAYENNE, ka-en' or kl-en'. The capital of French laiiana (Map: South America, G 2). It is situated on an island of the same name in the Atlantic, in latitude 4° 56' X. and longitude 52" 20' W. It has a well-protected though shallow liarbor, several fine churches, two hospitals, a bank, and an ecclesiastical college. Cayenne is the only outlet for the products of French Guiana, and has direct steamer communication with France. The climate is moist, but not very uii- healthful. Tlicre are about 13,000 inhabitants. Cayenne was founded in 1004. and became a French possession in 1075. It was formerly used as a penal settlement. CAYENNE PEPPER. See Capsiclm. CAYES, ka. See Aus Gates. CAYLEY, k-ali, Arthlt? (1821-95). An English mathematician. He was born at Rich- mond. Siu'i'ey. and was educated at King's Col- lege. London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. In early life he devoted much time to the study and practice of law, being admitted to the bar in 1849, and some of his most brilliant mathe- matical discoveries were made during this peri- od. Finally, in 1803, he left the legal profession to accept the Sadlerian professorship of mathe- matics at Cambridge. Cayley's most important contribution to mathematics is the theory of invariants. (See Forms.) lie also discovered an interesting higher eiire. known as the Cay- leyan, and the principal proposition of matrices, known as Cayley's Theorem. Many of his nu- merous memoirs were published in the Cam- bridge Mathematical Journal. His collected mathematical papers have been published in book form (13 vols, and supplement, Cambridge, 1889-98). CAYLEYAN, ka'le-an. In mathematics, the envelojie of the system of straight lines which constitute polar conies relative to any cun'e of the third order. The Cayleyan is a curve of the sixth order and the third class. (See Curves.) It was named by Cremona in honor of its discov- erer, Cayley (q.v.), who had originally called it the pippian. CAYLUS, k.1'lus',ANXE Claide Philippe de Ti iMi.iiKs. Count de (1692-1705). A Frendi arelueologist. He entered the army, served in the Spanish War of Succession, and after 1714 trav- eled in Italv. Greece. England, (iermanv. and the