Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/446

* CAVITE. 382 CAVOTIR. CAVITE. A province of Luzon, Philippines, silualed south of the Province of JIaniUi, and bounded by ilaniUi Bay on the west. It covers an area of 488 .square miles. It has wooded mountains and well-watered valleys, and is of tomnienial importance, on account of its advan- tageous situation. Agriculture receives consid- erable attention. Its population is estimated as about 134,000. CAVO, kii'vd, Andr£s ( 1739-C.1800). A Mexican Jesuit historian, born in Guadalajara. He entered the Jesuit Order in 17.)!K and was sent as a missionary to the Northwest. In 1TG7 he was compelled to leave Jlexico by the decree e.pelling tlie .Jesuits, lie prepared in Rome a work on Mexican history, which disappeared, but was recovered by C. M. Bustamante and published as Los ires siglos de Mcjico durante el gobierno espaiiol (1830). H. H. Bancroft, in his nistorti of Mexico, gives an unfavorable estimate of the narrative. CAVO-MLIEVO, ka'vo re-lya'v6 (It. cai-o, hollow -r rilirro, relief). A kind of depressed bas-relief, where the carving is sunk below the level of the surface of the background. It was used extensively by the Egjptian wall-decorators. It makes possible the execution of sculptured wall-panels after erection of a building in stone or marble, without the trouI)le of leaving bossed spaces in course of construction. CAVOTJR, ka-v<3«r', Cajiillo Bexso ni. Count (1810-01). The great constructive statesman of modern Italy. He was born in Turin. August 10, 1810, the son of the Marquis ^Michele Benso di Cavour and Ad^le, second daughter of the Count de Sellon of Geneva. As a younger son, Camillo was educated for the army in the mili- tarr academy in Turin, serving at the same time as a page in" the royal household of King Charles Albert. After graduating at the head of his class in 182G. he entered the army as a, lieuten- ant of engineers. Even at this early period he showed the earnestness, concentration, and abil- ity which made the brilliant statesman of liiter years. He was proficient in the study of mathe- matics, the langu.%ges, and history. His mind was extremely practical, and he never cared for art or romance. He had no taste for military life, and devoted himself while in garrison in the fort- ress of Bard to the study of economics and Eng- lish politics. In 1831 he resigned his commis- sion and undertook the management of his father's estate at Leri, in Piedmont. Without any previous knowledge of farming. Cavour soon mastered agriculture in all its details, restored the estate, which had been nuuh neglected, and became a leader in the introduction of progres- sive methods of agriculture into Piedmont. He ever afterwards loved the work, and found at Leri throughout his life rest from the cares of State. In this occupation and in travel Cavour spent fifteen busy and profitable years. The demo- cratic monarchy of England was always his ideal, and he was a great admirer of. glo-Saxon lib- erty. In England he made a thorough study of the political, social, and industrial institutions. In 1847, when the censorship of the press had been abolished in Piedmont. Cavour. realizing the power that this agency might have in the great struggle for which Italy was preparing, est^ib- lished in Turin, with Cesare Balbo and others, a journal. // Risorgimento, which declared for inde- j>cndcnce, unity, and reform. A moderate Con- servative in his views, a stanch supporter of the monarchy, but a constitutionalist, he satisfied the extremists of neither jiarty, and was far from Ijeing a popular leader: but his ability, inde]iendence, and courage commanded respect. His greatness was in nothing more marked than in the impersonality of his work. In 1S4S, when Genoa was about to send a deputation to Turin to ask for a civic guard and the ex- l)ulsion of the Jesuits, Cavour. at a meeting of journalists held to decide on a course of action, declared that the demands of the Genoese were too moderate, and that a constitution was the only remedy for existing evils. This was. for the times, a revolutionary declaraticm. and especially startling as coming from a Cimserva- five. Cavour had. indeed, been regarded as al- most a reactionary, so little was his niinlcration understood in the passionate politics of the time. Events justified Cavour; in February Charles Albert (q.v.) set his signature to the famous Stdtiilo, the Constitution of Piedmont around which, under Cavour's leadership, all the advo- cates of Italian liberty and unity gradually rallied. He entered Parliament in 1S4S, a pro- nounced advocate of a free and united Italy. This platform w.is sufficient for him during his whole career. He never separated the two ideals, and he decided at the outset that they could be attained only under the royal House of Savoy. He never sympathized with Mazzini and the Re- publicans, whose theories he believed ill adapt- ed to Italian conditions. On March 7, 1850, Ca- vour, speaking on the proposition to abolish the special jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical coirts, declared that by persevering in her re- form policy Piedmont would be "gathering to herself all the living forces in Italy, and would be in a position to lead the mother country to those high destinies whereunto she is called." This expression of an aggressive national Italian policy brought Cavour into still greater promi- nence, and upon the death of the Count of Santa Rosa he was called into the Cabinet, then headed by Massimo d'Azeglio (q.v.), at first as Min- ister of Agriculture, then as Minister of Com- merce and of the Marine. He now gave up his j<mrnalistic connections, and entered upon his great career as a State-builder. He also dis- posed of all his holdings in agricultural and in- dustrial companies. In April. 1851, he was made Minister of Finance, and in the same year, hav- ing already become the dominating force in the Ministry, he made the famous alliance with Urbano Rattazzi (q.v.), leader of the Left Cen- tre, by which the two parties of the Centre unit- ed in support of the Ministry, in opposition to the Extreme Right and the Extreme Left. It was through this union of moderate parties that Cavour proposed to foster the new Italy. He was never a party man, and looked only to the good of the State. The compact with Rattazzi, known as the co»iiuhio, was discountenanced by d'.zeglio. and led to a rupture in the Cabinet I April 15, 18.52). Cavour retired temporarily from oflice, and went to France and England, to find out how the conntibio was regarded among those whose aid he hoped to obtain in realizing Italian aspirations. He was reassured by his reception in both countries; but he made up his mind that, of the two, it was France