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* CAVEN. 380 CAVENDISH. United Presbyterian Church, Toronto, Canada, 1852, entered the ministry, l)efunie professor of e.ej,'etical theoloyy and bihlieal crilieisni, Knox College, Toronto, 18(>, and ]]rineipal of the col- lege, 1873. He was prominent in the movement wliieh eventuated in the union of the ditVerent branches of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. CAVENDISH, kfivVn-dish or kan'dish. The pseudonym uf Henry Jones, who wrote on wliist and otlici- games of cards. CAVENDISH, KuKDKRicK Charles, Lord (ISyiJ-SJ). An English statesme.n, the second son of William Cavendish, seventh Duke of Devonshire. He was born at Compton Place, Eastbourne, November 30, 183G, and graduated B.a'^. at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1858. He was private secretary to Loni Cranville from 18.50 to 1804, and entered Parliament in the fol- lowing year. After serving as jjrivate secretary to Mr. Gladstone (1872-73) he entered the treas- ury department, in which he was linaneial secre- tary from 1880 to 1882. when he was apjiointed chief secretary to Karl Silencer. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He accompanied the latter to Dub- lin, and took the oath as chief secretary at the castle, ilay 6. 1882. On the afternoon of the same day, while walking in Pho'ui.x Park with Thomas Henr}' liurke, inidersecretary, he and his companion were assassinated. It was after- wards shown that the plot had been laid against Mr. Burke, and that Cavendish was killed be- cause he was in the company of the under- secretary. Three of the <:onspirators turned State's evidence, five were hanged, and seventeen were otherwise punished. CAVENDISH, Geokce ( 1. 500-0.1 561). An English author, the biographer of Cardinal W'olsey. In 152G he entered the Sjcrviee of Wol- gey and remained his constant friend, in pros- perity and adversity, imtil the end. The Life of ^Yolsey, written in 1557, was first published, in a garbled state, in 14!. The full text first ap- peared (a sm.all edition) in 1701. and again in 1815. It is one of the volumes in Morley's Universal Library (18851. It is a noble work, ranking with the best English biographies. CAVENDISH, Henry (1731-1810). An Eng- lish natural jjhilosopher and chemist. He was born in Nice, the eldest son of Lord Charles Cavendish and a nephew of the third Duke of Devonshire. He was educated at Peterhouse College, Cambridge, but left without taking his degree, and devoted his entire life to the stud}' of matliematics and jihysieal science. He in- lierited considerable means from his uncle and was thus able to gratify his taste for scientific investigation. He was unmarried and lived in quiet retirement, having intercourse with few persons, and having no interests beyond his scientific studies and investigations. His first published work was entitled Experiments on Arsenic (1764), but his earliest experiments of interest were on heat, and were not published for a number of years after they were performed. These experiments included the study cif the evolution of heat when a liquid is solidified or a gas condensed, as well as an investigation into the subject of specific heats of substances. The fir.st scientific paper of importance pub- lished by Cavendish was on Fartilious Air, and was communicated to the Royal Society in 1766, while later he tindcrtonk the study of carbonic- acid gas, determining its specific gravity and showing that a small amount would so vitiate conunon air as to nuike it impossible to sui>port either combustion or life. The most celebrated work of Cavendish was h'is ascertaining "that water consists of dephlogisticated air (oxygen) united with phlogiston ( hydi-ogen ) ." One of the most cch'bratcd of the experiments l)crfiirmcd by Cavendish was the determination of the dens- ity of the earth {I'hUosopliicai Transmtions, 17!)8), by a method to which his name has been given. This plan had been suggested by the e. John Jlitch<ll. and consisted of having a suspended rod with two lead balls at its ex- tremities. When masses of metal were placed near these balls the force of attraction exerted between the masses could be measured. Acconl- ingly it was possible to comj)ute the attraction exerted on a mass the size of the earth and thus determine its density. Cavendish ascertained this quantity to be 5.45, a figure that has been slightly rai.sed by subsequent exitcriments. t'av- cndish lived almost in solitude, and died leaving a fortune of £1,175,000. The Electrical Ke- searches of Henri/ ('ar( nillNli, edited by .1. Clerk Maxwell, were published (Cambridge, England, 1870). Consult Wilson, Li/'e o/' CutCHrfi'sft (Lon- don, 18401. See Chemistry. CAVENDISH, iMarcvret, Duchess of New- castle (c. 1024-741. . Englisli writer, born near Colchester in Esse.K. She was educated at home: became a maid of honor to t,lueen Henrietta Maria (1643-45); married, in Paris, William (Cavendish, afterwards Duke of Newcastle (1645), and lived abroad with him till the Restoration. She died in London, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The famous inscription on her tomb declares that she belonged to a family of which "all the brothers were valiant and all the sisters virtuous." Her writings, consisting of l)lays. ))oems, sketches, letters, an autobiography, and a memoir of her husband, are exceedingly interesting. ISeleclions were edited by Lower, in Smith's Library of Old Authors (London, 1872), by Jenkins (London, 1872), and by C. H. Firth (London, 1886). Consult, also, Oosse, Seventeenth Century Studies (London, 1805). CAVENDISH, Spencer Compton. See Dev- ONsiiii!!:. LiiaiTii Dike ov. CAVENDISH, Thomas (c.1555-92). The second ICnglish circumnavigator of the globe, and a noted freebooter. He was bom in the ])ar- isli of Trimlay Saint Martin, Sull'olk, studied for a brief |)eriod at Cambridge, but left without .a degree, followed the Court, and soon squandered his inheritance. To repair his fortunes he turned to maritime adventure, and fitted out a shij) that accompanied Sir Kichard Crenville's expedition to Virginia in 1585. On this voyage he captured three rich Spanish ships. In July, 1586, he sailed from Plymouth with three vessels on a predatory expedition, passed tlirough the Straits of Magellan, cniised along the west coast of South America and Mexico, and burned or sank nineteen vessels, anumg which was the Santa .4)1/10, belonging to the King of Sjiain, and hav- ing an immensely vahnible cargo, which he seized ofT California. He returned to Plymouth S(!ptember 0, 1588, with his plunder, having gone around the, globe in two years and fifty days. When he came home it was said that his