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* CAVE. 375 CAVE. and on seacoasts. The moving waters enter natural crevices and enlarge tiiem by the abrasive action of the suspended sand and gravel, or they attack the softer portions of the strata and form cavities that are inclosed by the nore indurated rock. ^'ave-action is a prominent agency in this process. Caves most frequently occur in limestone regions, where they are usually tlse result of the solvent action of water and the contained chemical agents, such as carbon dioxide and humic acid. The surface waters in percolating downward through the joint fissures and along the planes of stratifica- tion enlarge the channels by solution. Rivers sometimes plunge into the caves through openings known as sink-holes. In some limestone regions, as portions of Kentucky and Florida, these holes are a marked surface feature. ^lany caves are of enormous size. The celebrated cave of Fran- couia in Germany, that of Kirkdale in Yorkshire, the ilammoth Cave (q.v.) of Kentucky, and Luray Caverns of Virginia, as well as many others, arc well known. Rock formations con- taining beds of salt, a material easily removed by water, may also abound in caverns. They are also frequently met with in igneous rocks— the picturesque cave of Fingal, in Staffa, is formed in basalt : and in South America and Ice- land the recent lava contains large caverns. Alany caverns have a calcareous incrustation lining theii interior, giving them a gorgeous appearance. Sometimes this deposit is pure white, and has, when the cave is lighted up, a richness and transparency that cannot be imag- ined. It is, however, more generally colored by the impurities which the water has taken up from the superincmnbent strata. To the in- crustations which are suspended from the roof, like icicles, the name stalactite is given, while those rising from the floor are designated stal- agmites. Sometimes the pendent stalactite is produced so as to meet the ascending stalagmite and form pillars, as if to support the roof, as in the "organ' in the Blue John Mine, Derbyshire, and the columns of the ilammoth Cave. The source and origin of this deposit has been satis- factorily explained by Liebig as follows: '"The mold of the superficial soil, being acted upon by moisture and air, evolves carbonic acid, which is dissolved by rain. The rain-water thus im- pregnated, permeating the calcareous strata, has the power of taking up a portion of the lime, which it retains in a liquid condition, until from evaporation the excess of carbonic acid is parted with, when the lime again returns to its solid state, and forms the incrustation." Caves have an additional interest to the geologist, from the occurrence in many of ani- mal remains under the calcareous incrustations of the floor. The bones are imbedded in mud, and frequently concreted into a firm calcareous breccia. They belong to the Pleistocene period, when the caves apparently were inhabited by large hyenas and bears. Portions of other ani- mals inhabiting the neighborhood were dragged by these into their dens to serve as food. In this way the bones of herbivorous and other ani- mals are foimd mi.xed with those of the beasts ot prey: they have a broken and gnawed ap- pearance, similar to that produced on recent bones by the teeth of a hyena. No less than thirty-three species of mammals and five species of birds have been discovered in the caves of the British islands, of which number about half still surs'ive in Europe, while the remainder are ex- tinct. The mammals are species of ox, deer, horse, wolf, dog, hare, fox, weasel, water-rat, mole, bat, hippopotamus, and rhinoceros, besides the hyena and bear; and the birds are species of lark, partridge, pigeon, goose, and crow. In the Causses region of southern France there are many caves in Jurassic limestone containing bones of the cave-bear and of human beings, and im- plements. The most productive bone-cave in Britain is that of Xirkdale, 25 miles from York, in which the remains of about .300 hyenas have been detected, besides innumerable gnawed bones of other animals on which they have preyed. The Carboniferous limesUmcs of Glamorg-.mshire abound in caves which have been explored by Buckland, and more recently and thoroughly by Dr. Falconer. Ossiferous caves occur in all parts of the globe. The fossils of those in Australia show that the fauna of the Pleistocene period had a remarkable resemblance to that of the present day. The remains consist chiefly of kangaroos and allied genera of marsupials. In Colorado, near Colorado Springs, the bones of the goat, antelope, and woodchuck have been found in limestone caverns. The average tem- perature of some caves is so low that ice remains throughout the entire year. Consult: Badin, Grottes et cavemes (Paris, 1870) ; Hovey, Cele- brated American Caverns (Cincinnati, 18S2) ; Browne, Ice Caves of France and Switzerland (London, 18G5). CAVE, AXFEED (IS47— ). An English clergy- man and educatgr, bom in London. He was edu- cated at Xew College there, held pastorates at Berkhampsted and Waterford from 1872 to 1880, and in the latter year was appointed professor of Hebrew and Church history in Hackney Col- lege. In 1882 he was appointed principal of the same institution, where he is also professor of theology. He was vice-chairman of the London Board of Congregational ^linisters in 1888 and 1898. He publislied Scriptural Doctrine of Sac- rifice and Atonement (18771 ; The Battle of the Standpoints (1890); and The Spiritual VTorld (1894). CAVE, Edward (1691-1754). The founder 'and editor of the Gentleman's Magazine, the first literary journal of its kind ever published. He was born at Xewton, in Warwickshire, was educated at Rugby, and became a printer's ap- prentice. For a time lie held a Parliamentary clerkship, and from the informatiim gained through his official position he furnished c<nm- try news to a London newspaper and weekly news letters to country papers. In 1727 he and Robert Raikes were fined and imprisoned for breach of privilege. In 17.31 he was able to set up a small printing-ofiice. and established the Gentleman's Magazine, which he conducted the rest of his life, and which is still published. Dr. Johnson was among the early contributors to the magazine, and Cave published several of his earlier works, including Irene and the Life of Sarage. Cave began, in 1732, the publica- tion of a regular series of the Parliamentary de- bates of both houses, Johnson writing many of the speeches reported in the series. CAVE, WrLiiAM (1637-1713). An English clergyman and scholar. He was born at Pick- well, Leicestershire, studied at Cambridge, and