Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/427

* CAVALIERI. 365 CAVALLY. the difference between the cone and cylinder are two Cavalieri bodies, and are therefore equal. Hence V =^rr'.2 r — » r-. j'r = *rr'. This method solved many diflicult problems and enabled Cavalieri to give a satisfactory demon- stration of (iiildin's theorem, published in the Exercitationcs <leomitnca- Sex (1G47). By means of it. also, Torricclli proved that the area of a cycloid (q.v.) is three times the area of the jrenerating circle, ^^ince the method of Cavalieri, combined with the modern theory of limits, offers an easy and correct way of expressing the areas and volumes of several elementary forms, and since it is a natural stepping-stone to the meth- ods of integral calculus, it is desirable material for elementary instruction. Cavalieri's chief works are: (Icometria Indivisibiliius Continuo- rum yova Quadam Rations Promota (Bologna, 1635) ; Exercitationes Geomctrkw Sex (Bologna, 1647) ; Specchio ustorio ovvcro trattato delle set- tioni coniche (Bologna, 1632) ; and Trigonome- tria Pinna et Spherica (Bologna, 1635). CAVAXrEBI, ka'va-lya're, or CAVALIE- EE, -ra, Emilio del lc.l550-c.l599) . An Italian composer. He was born in Rome of excellent fam- ily, received a good education, and was called to the Court of the Medici in Florence as '"Inspector- General of Art and Artists." He had a dislike for contrapuntal music, and aimed at giving ex- pression to the monodic style by supplying an accompaniment in figured bass [basso continuato) and laying particular stress on the melody, w-hich he embellished with grupettos and trills. He wrote numerous madrigals and musical plays, of which Disperazionc di Filene, II satire (both 1590), and Giiioco delta cieca (1595) are by many considered the first operas. His great work liapprcsentazione di aniina e di corpo, which was performed in Rome in 1600, is also regarded as the first oratorio. He died in Florence. CAVALLARI, ka'val-Ui're, Francesco Sa- t;s!o ( lSo'.i-;iri I . An Italian archieologist, bom in Palermo. He is principally knowTi for his discoveries of Sicilian antiquities. He was also director of the School of Fine Arts in the City of ilexico from 1856 until 1863. Then he returned to Sicily, and became director of antiquities there, liis publications are: Ritratti Messicani (1866); Belle arli e civiltd (1868); Relazione sttllo stato dclle antichila di Sicilia, suite sco- perte e sui ristauri fatti dal J860 al 1872 (1873), and some memoirs. CAVALLERIA BUSTICANA, ka-val'hl- re'a roo'stc-ka'na. See Mascagxi, Pietro. CAVAIiLI, ka-viil'lf, Francesco (c.1600-76). An Italian composer of nuisic. whose real name was Pietro Francesco Caletti Bruni, He was born in Crcma. His father was maestro di cnpella at the Church of Santa JIaria, and the boy's talent gained him the patronage of Federigo Cavalli, podesta of Crcma, whose name he assumed. He studied under ilonteverde, and was his greatest pupil and follower. He was made organist in San JIarco in 1665, and in 1668 became maestro di eapella, holding this post until his death, in Venice, in 1676. A collection of Cavalli's church music was published in Venice in 1656, some vespers for eight voices in 1675, and an 8-part Requiem. But it is as a dramatic composer that Cavalli is celebrated. He treated the style de- veloped by Ca<-cini, Peri, and Monteverde with greater freedom in rhythm, and, though his har- mony is crude, he gave greater dramatic expres- sion to tlie whole. By introducing solos and set i.unil)crs into the opera, he prepared the way for Alcssandro Scarlatti (q.v.), the real creator of modern opera. His operas (42 in number) con- tain much music that is admirable even from a modern point of view. His operas include: Le Xo:ze di Telidd c di Peleo (1639) ; La Didone (1641) ; II Giasone (1649) ; Alessatiilro (1651) ; II ^erse (1654) ; and /-Mr/eiii ism (1656). Con- sult Ambros, Geschiclite der Musik, Vol. IV. (Leipzig, 1878). For a sketch of Cavalli's im- portance in the development of dramatic com- position, see Opera. CAVALLI, Giovanni (1809-79). An Italian soldier and inventor, born in Turin. Sent by the Piedmontese Goverimient to Sweden to in- vestigate the manufacture of cannon, he began (1846) those experiments with breech - loading guns which became the basis for all similar innovations since made. The guns constructed by him were first used by the Piedmontese artil- lery at the siege of Gaeta in 1860-61. In 1865 Cavalli became commandant of the Military Academy in Turin. Among his numerous publi- cations, all of which are written in French, the following is especially noteworthy: Aperm sur les canons raycs se ehargeant par la bouclie et par la culasse et sur les perfect ionnemcnts d apporlcr d Vart de la guerre en 1861 (1862). CAVALLINI, ka'val-le'ne, Pietbo (1270- 1350). An Italian painter and mosaicist. He was a pupil of the school of the Cosmati (q.v.), the Greek mosaicists, and assisted some of that family in their work in the Roman churches. Aftcnvards he worked with Giotto, and may have helped him with the mosaics in the porch of Saint Peter's. He is known to have been in Naples in 1308, in the service of King Robert. Of his frescoes little remains. The mosaics attributed to him in Santa Maria in Trastevere are by the Cosmati ; those in San Paolo Tuori le Mura are his, probably exe- cuted between 1316 and 1334. The '-Crucifix- ion" at Assisi, attributed to him by Vasari, i3 the worlc of the Sienese Ambrogio and Pietro Lorenzctti. CAVALLOTTI, ka'val-lut'te, Felice (1824- 98). An Italian dramatist and politician, bom in Jlilan. When only 18 years of age, he pub- lished Gcrmania e Italia, a bitter attack on Ger- many, and joined the forces of Garibaldi. Sub- sequently he turned his pen against the Italian Government and was repeatedly sentenced to imprisonment. After his release he wrote his first successful play. Pezzeiili ( 1871 ) . This was followed by Alcibiade (1874), which met with ex- traordinars' success. He was elected deputy in 1873 and frequently reelected. In Parliament and also as editor of the ffecolo he was a consistent Republican. He was killed in a duel in Rome. CAVAL'LY (Sp. caballa, horse-mackerel, from caballo, horse, from Lat. cabaUus, horse), or Crevalle. A carangid fish {Caranx hip- pus) of the .Atlantic coast of the United States and southward, allied to the pompano, and typical of the large genus Caranx. Its usual weight is about 10 pounds, and it is highly esteemed, when young, as food. It is a vora- cious, predatory fish, takes the hook readily, and often feeds in the surf, where it affords