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* CAVA. 363 CAVAXCANTI. nortlnvest of tlie city of Salerno. It is a resort for >;eapolitnns in suiiniier ami for foreigners in spring and autumn, bfinj; an attractive base for excursions to rumix'ii, IVstuni, Anialli, etc. A shorl distance southwest of the town is the famous La Triniia della Cava, a Benedictine ab- bey founded, in 1025, by Saint Alferius over the cavern he had owupied. It is now national prop- erty, and contains a lyccuni and a boarding school. The present buildings; date from tlie Eighteenth Century. The arcliives ciuit;iin many importitnt ilSS. The principal manufactures of Cava de' Tirrcni are linen, silk, and woolen fabrics. Population, in 18S1 (conunune), 21,- 0CK1: in 1901, 23,0S1. CAVAIGNAC, ka'va'nyak', Ki.Iconokk I.otis GoiiErROY (1801-45). A French journalist and Kepublican politician, the son of Jean Baptiste Cavaignae. He was an opponent of Louis Philippe and was one of the prominent founders of the Soeieti'' des Amis du Peuple. and of the Society des Droits de ITIomnie. He was often arrested and occasionally imprisoned, but escaped in 1835 and went to England. In 1841 he re- turned to Paris and became one of the editors of La Kt-forme, the ablest of the opposition news- papers. CAVAIGNAC, J.vcQiES :Mabie ErcfexE God- EFKov (1853 — ). A French politician. He was born in Paris, !May 21, 1853, the son of General Cavaignae, the opjioneut of Louis Napoleon. In 18GS, when young Cavaignae had won a prize in the Paris schools, which was to be bestowed by the Prince Imperial, he drew back, saying: ''I do not care to be rewarded by a gentleman whose father put mine into prison." The youth fought bravely in the Franco-Prussian War, and in 1872 he became an engineer. Afterwards he studied law and followed this profession with success until 1SS2, when he entered the Chamber of Dep- uties from the district of Saint-Calais. Since then he has had a distinguished political career. He was under-secretary in the Department of War in 18S.5, Jlinisler of ilarine in 1892 and in 1895-Ofi, and Minister of War in 1898, at a criti- cal period of the Dreyfus affair. In 1890, on the occasion of the Panama disclosures, Cavaignae made his famous motion that "the Chamber is resolved to sustain the Government in the re- pression of all acts of corruption and to prevent the recurrence of like governmental practices." He is author of an economic treatise, L'clat et Ifs tarifs des chcmins de fcr; and of a work on Prussia, La formation, de la Prusse contcmpo- r;!i,e (2 vols., Paris, 1807-98). CAVAIGNAC, Lons Efr.i>NE (1802-57). A French general. He was born in Paris, October 15. 1802, and was educated in the Polytechnic School, and the Ecole d'Application in ilctz. Entering the army, he rendered eflicient service in Algeria, where he went in 1832, and rose rap- idly in rank, becoming a brigadier-general in 1844, Governor of the Province of Oran in 1847, and Governor-General of Algeria in the follow ing year. He was, however, almost immedialelj' re- called to Paris after the February revolution, and in May was made Minister of War. Called upon to defend the republican Government dur- ing the .Tune insurrection, he displayed energy, courage, and coolness. His operations were suc- cessful, and his clemency was as meritorious as hia generalship. Though he might have made Vol. IV.— jj. himself dictator, he resigned his power into the hands of the National Assembly, which appointed him chief of the executive body. As a candidate for the Presidency of the Kepublic in Decend)er, against Louis Napoleon, he received about 1,500,- 000 votes to the latter's 5,500,000. After the coup d'etat of December 2, 1851, Cavaignae was arrested, but was released after a short detention; and though he consistently refused' to give his adlicsiuu to the Empire, he was permitted to re- side in France without molestation. He died of heart disease, October 28, 1857, at his country house near Tours. De Tocqueville, in his ilciitoirs, referring to Cavaignae as a debater, speaks of "those short addresses which he some- times delivered, in which his mind, which was naturally mediocre and confused, reached the leel of his soul and approached the sublime. Under these circumstances lie became, for the moment, the man of the most genuine elociuence that I have ever heard in assemblies. He left all the mere orators behind him." Consult: Mont- fort, liiufiraphie du general Cavaignae (Paris, 1848) ; Dcscliamps, Vie de Caimiynao (Paris, 1870). CAVAILLE-COLL, ka'vft'Iya'kdl', Abistide (1811-99). A French organ-builder, born in Montpellier (Hcrault). In 1834 he obtained the •commission in open competition, for the organ in the Church of Saint Denis. He constructed n-any other important instruments for churches in France and Belgium, and introduced several excellent de-'ices used in modem organ-building. His writings include a Projet d'oryue monvmcn- Ini pour la hasilique de Saint-Pierre de Rome (1875). Consult Lefebvre, Le grand orgiie de I'cglise SuinI Michel du Havre (Havre. 1888), an account of a work executed by Cavaille-Coll in 1887-89. CAVAILLON, ka'va'yON' (anciently. Cubcl- liu). A town of France, in the Department of Vancluse, situated 20V-! miles by rail southeast of Avignon (Mao: France, L 8). It is interest- ing chiefly for the remains of a triumphal arch of about the time of Constantine, and other relics of the Roman period fotmd in the neighborhood. It has also a Romanesque cathedral dating from the Twelfth and Thirteenth centuries. Its chief products are candles, cloth, hats, and silk fabrics. Population, in 1901, of town, 5050; of commune, 9850. CAVALCANTI, kii'val-kan'tA, Gctdo (c.l250- 1300). An early Florentine poet and intimate friend of Dante, in whose judgment (Purg. xi. 97) he bore off from Guinicelli the palm for lyric verse. His betrothal as a lad. and subse- quent marriage to Beatrice, daughter of the Ghibelline leader, Farinata degli Uberti, seems to have been due to political considerations only, he having been one of the sons of nobility chosen to cement the hostile families by marriage. The love poems, which form the major p;irt of his verse, are inspired by the less famili:>r charms of a certain Vanna mentioned by Dante, by a Mandetta of Toulouse, a Pinella of Bologna, and other equally unknown ladies. When the Guelph party became divided into the contending fac- tions of Cereheschi and Donateschi. Guido, in common with the other Cavalcanti, espoused the cause of the former, and together with the other leaders sufficed exile. Dante, who was then one of the /iritiri. being forced to assent to the dix'ree. The malarial climate of Sarzana, to which ho